Como afectan los cambios meteorológicos al coronavirus

(How does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather)


Primeras 5 respuestas:

  1. Changes in weather are very significantly correlated with changes in mortality rates due to pneumonia (Bull, 1980) .

  2. Climate-change-related extreme weather events impair crop production, endangering food security worldwide.

  3. A preliminary analysis of non-pharmaceutical control measures indicates that they may moderate the pandemic-climate interaction via susceptible depletion.

  4. The effect of weather on COVID-19 spread is poorly understood.

  5. COVID-19 might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher temperatures and low humidity levels.



Changes in weather are very significantly correlated with changes in mortality rates due to pneumonia (Bull, 1980) .

... can determine the survival and transmission of the SARS virus (Yuan et al., 2006) . Changes in weather are very significantly correlated with changes in mortality rates due to pneumonia (Bull, 1980) . Viruses can be transmitted by being influenced by several factors, including climatic conditions (such as ...

Ref: Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia [Sci Total Environ, 2020-07-10]


Climate-change-related extreme weather events impair crop production, endangering food security worldwide.

... Like COVID-19, climate change threatens human health globally. Climate-change-related extreme weather events impair crop production, endangering food security worldwide. Sustained warmer temperatures at higher latitudes affect the geographic ranges of infectious microorganisms and their vectors, resulting in greater numbers of people ...

Ref: Balancing public health and private wealth: lessons on climate inaction from the COVID‐19 pandemic – a report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee [Int J Dermatol, 2020-05-08]


A preliminary analysis of non-pharmaceutical control measures indicates that they may moderate the pandemic-climate interaction via susceptible depletion.

... pandemic stage of an emerging pathogen the climate drives only modest changes to pandemic size. A preliminary analysis of non-pharmaceutical control measures indicates that they may moderate the pandemic-climate interaction via susceptible depletion. Our findings suggest, without effective control measures, strong outbreaks are likely in more humid climates ...

Ref: Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [Science (Wash.), 2020]


The effect of weather on COVID-19 spread is poorly understood.

... The effect of weather on COVID-19 spread is poorly understood. Recently, few studies have claimed that warm weather can possibly slowdown the global pandemic, which has already affected over 1.6 million people worldwide. Clarification of such relationships in the worst ...

Ref: Effect of weather on COVID-19 spread in the US: A prediction model for India in 2020 [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


COVID-19 might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher temperatures and low humidity levels.

... relative humidity on COVID-19 cases outbreak in Milan. Being a novel pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) version, COVID-19 might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher temperatures and low humidity levels. Presently is not clear if this protein "spike" of the new coronavirus COVID-19 is involved ...

Ref: Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


The prediction model shows that both the danger degrees and the dangerous periods of coronavirus pandemic are diverse with respect to different geographical areas.

... We additionally build a weather-based prediction model to estimate the infection rates of different geographical areas in Mainland China if there is a second outbreak of coronavirus. The prediction model shows that both the danger degrees and the dangerous periods of coronavirus pandemic are diverse with respect to different geographical areas. ...

Ref: The Weather Impacts the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Mainland China [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-18]


Spearman-rank correlation test was used for data analysis.

... temperature (°C), maximum temperature (°C), temperature average (°C), humidity (%), and amount of rainfall (mm). Spearman-rank correlation test was used for data analysis. Among the components of the weather, only temperature average (°C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 ...

Ref: Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


Since normality was not fulfilled, a non-parametric correlation test was used for data analysis.

... temperature (°C), temperature average (°C), normal temperature (°C), precipitation level (mm) and wind speed (m/s). Since normality was not fulfilled, a non-parametric correlation test was used for data analysis. Maximum temperature (r = 0.347; p = .005), normal temperature(r = 0.293; p = .019), ...

Ref: Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


We find that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality were significantly associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

... speed, and air quality. Kendall and Spearman rank correlation tests were chosen for data analysis. We find that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality were significantly associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study will help World Health Organization and health regulators such as ...

Ref: Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


Our findings estimate that minimum temperature and average temperature are correlated with the spread of COVID-19 in New York city.

... project, the occurrence of COVID-19 in New York city is analyzed by climate change patterns. Our findings estimate that minimum temperature and average temperature are correlated with the spread of COVID-19 in New York city. Previous studies of Tan et al. (2005) and Vandini et al. (2013) support our findings. ...

Ref: Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-08-01]


The found correlation patterns suggest that the COVID-19 lethality significantly worsens

... highest number of confirmed COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) cases, and then to the entire world. The found correlation patterns suggest that the COVID-19 lethality significantly worsens (4 times on average) under weather temperatures between 4 ∘ C and 12 ∘ C ...

Ref: Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020]


will not necessarily lead to declines in COVID-19 case counts without the implementation of extensive public health interventions.

... basic reproductive numbers of COVID-19 across China and find that changes in weather alone (i.e., increase of temperature and humidity as spring and summer months arrive in the North Hemisphere) will not necessarily lead to declines in COVID-19 case counts without the implementation of extensive public health interventions. ...

Ref: The role of absolute humidity on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020-02-17]


Metformin is capable of suppressing one of the molecular triggers of the proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes of urban PM air pollution,

... that provoked by COVID-19, the pandemic disease caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Metformin is capable of suppressing one of the molecular triggers of the proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes of urban PM air pollution, namely the mitochondrial ROS/Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels (CRAC)/IL-6 cascade. Given the linkage between mitochondrial functionality, ...

Ref: Metformin and SARS-CoV-2: mechanistic lessons on air pollution to weather the cytokine/thrombotic storm in COVID-19. [Aging, 2020-05-27]


Spearman rank correlation (r) shows significant but low correlation with most of the weather parameters, however, comparatively better association exists on 14 days lag.

... several time frames: weather of that day, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16 days before transmission. Spearman rank correlation (r) shows significant but low correlation with most of the weather parameters, however, comparatively better association exists on 14 days lag. Diurnal range in Temperature and Relative Humidity shows non-significant correlation. Analysis shows, COVID-19 cases likely ...

Ref: Impact of Daily Weather on COVID-19 outbreak in India [Aging, 2020-06-17]


affecting the number of tests performed.

For example, changes in the number of people with respiratory diseases other than COVID-19, affecting the number of tests performed.

Ref: The Challenge of Using Epidemiological Case Count Data: The Example of Confirmed COVID-19 Cases and the Weather [Aging, 2020-05-23]


we find that the number of new cases per 1 million individuals responds negatively to rising temperature.

... a nearly global sample of confirmed COVID-19 cases throughout the course of the recent pandemic, we find that the number of new cases per 1 million individuals responds negatively to rising temperature. This result implies that upcoming seasonal temperature changes will differentially affect COVID-19 transmission across the ...

Ref: Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal [Aging, 2020-03-30]


Local weather condition with low temperature, mild diurnal temperature range and low humidity likely favor the transmission.

... found the all these associations increased with accumulated time duration up to 14 days. In conclusions, meteorological factors play an independent role in the COVID-19 transmission after controlling population migration. Local weather condition with low temperature, mild diurnal temperature range and low humidity likely favor the transmission. ...

Ref: Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


These relationships can inform selective public policy planning in communities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

... in the lowest density quartile. Conclusions and Relevance: Social distancing, lower population density, and temperate weather change were associated with a decreased SARS-Co-V-2 Rt in counties across the United States. These relationships can inform selective public policy planning in communities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. ...

Ref: The Association of Social Distancing, Population Density, and Temperature with the SARS-CoV-2 Instantaneous Reproduction Number in Counties Across the United States [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-12]


Among the unknown unknowns, the effect of weather on human behaviour, and thus on behavioural risks for acquiring COVID-19, may also be important.

... Among the unknown unknowns, the effect of weather on human behaviour, and thus on behavioural risks for acquiring COVID-19, may also be important. The incidence of infections in China was markedly lower at very low temperatures, which might be related to characteristics of the virus, but equally may reflect reduced social interactions when ...

Ref: Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, January-February 2020 [Sci Total Environ, 2020-03-31]


The CMR was significantly positively associated with urban populations, GDP per capita and current health expenditure,

... on out-of-pocket health care expenses and the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. The CMR was significantly positively associated with urban populations, GDP per capita and current health expenditure, and was significantly negatively associated with the number of hospital beds, number of nurses and ...

Ref: Influence of socio-ecological factors on COVID-19 risk: a cross-sectional study based on 178 countries/regions worldwide [medRxiv, 2020-05-04]


Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have found that temperature and relative humidity affect the spread of coronavirus-related diseases,

... and relative humidity are known to be important factors in the spread of respiratory diseases. Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have found that temperature and relative humidity affect the spread of coronavirus-related diseases, with both low temperature and relative humidity being suitable for the survival and transmission of ...

Ref: The role of climate during the COVID‐19 epidemic in New South Wales, Australia [Transbound Emerg Dis, 2020-06-01]


Many weather condition can be well-thought-out as the top forecasters of respiratory syndromes such as SARS.

... of cases increasing more severely in cooler regions such as European and North American countries. Many weather condition can be well-thought-out as the top forecasters of respiratory syndromes such as SARS. Hydrometeorological variables can also have a direct association between coronaviruses and humans being via biological ...

Ref: The effects of regional climatic condition on the spread of COVID-19 at global scale [Sci Total Environ, 2020-10-15]


Humidity was observed as the best predictor for the coronavirus outbreak followed by temperature and solar radiation.

... Humidity was observed as the best predictor for the coronavirus outbreak followed by temperature and solar radiation. The majority of cities included in this study demonstrated a nonlinear dose-response relationship between a range of specific humidity conditions and sustained COVID-19 transmission. More specifically, 3 of the 4 ...

Ref: Short-term effects of weather parameters on COVID-19 morbidity in select US cities [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-09]


will not necessarily lead to declines in case counts without the implementation of extensive public health interventions (Luo et al., 2020) .

... o o f changes in weather alone (i.e., increases or decreases of temperature and humidity) will not necessarily lead to declines in case counts without the implementation of extensive public health interventions (Luo et al., 2020) . Therefore, a prospective global COVID-19 hazard based on AH from April to November 2020 was ...

Ref: The dark cloud with a silver lining: Assessing the impact of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic on the global environment [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-08]


The correlation between the weather condition and the transmission of COVID-19 can help provide an accurate estimation,

... COVID-19 at city scale is also interesting to analyze in order to reveal the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The correlation between the weather condition and the transmission of COVID-19 can help provide an accurate estimation, which is important information for the public citizens and the authorities. ...

Ref: The Weather Impacts the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Mainland China [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-18]


The found correlation patterns suggest that the COVID-19 lethality significantly worsens (4 times on average)

... highest number of confirmed COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) cases, and then to the entire world. The found correlation patterns suggest that the COVID-19 lethality significantly worsens (4 times on average) under weather temperatures between 4 ∘ C and 12 ∘ C and relative humidity between ...

Ref: Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020]


These changes have caused significant difficulties in short-term load forecasting.

... restrictions, power consumption profiles around the world have shifted both in magnitude and daily patterns. These changes have caused significant difficulties in short-term load forecasting. Typically algorithms use weather, timing information and previous consumption levels as input variables, yet they ...

Ref: Using Mobility for Electrical Load Forecasting During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020-06-15]


could not correlate with the case counts very well.

... https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20064923 doi: medRxiv preprint Changes in a single weather factor, such as temperature or humidity, could not correlate with the case counts very well. On the other hand, several meteorological factors combined together could describe the epidemic trend much ...

Ref: Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020-04-17]


The present day is dominated by studies on determining the factors that affect, taking preventive actions, and trying to find an effective treatment on top priority.

... global implications, has led people to believe that nothing will be the same as before. The present day is dominated by studies on determining the factors that affect, taking preventive actions, and trying to find an effective treatment on top priority. Meteorological parameters are among the crucial factors affecting infectious diseases. The present study examines the ...

Ref: Impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


The changes in weather alone would not necessarily decrease numbers of confirmed cases during the whole epidemic,

... temperature-dependent [4] . Hence, SARS-CoV-2 is suspected, like other coronaviruses, to have a weather-dependent virulence. The changes in weather alone would not necessarily decrease numbers of confirmed cases during the whole epidemic, but warm and humid weather could make SARS-CoV-2 less transmissible and less stable, provoking a ...

Ref: Temperature Decreases Spread Parameters of the New Covid-19 Case Dynamics [Biology (Basel), 2020-05-03]


In the first 12 days after first confirmation of the case, the change in increase of new daily cases was near to zero.

... very rapidly in Norway, especially during day 25 to day 40 (See Figure 1(a) ). In the first 12 days after first confirmation of the case, the change in increase of new daily cases was near to zero. Since day 13, the daily reported new cases started to triple until it gradually came ...

Ref: Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-29]


evidence suggests that their transmission may decline with higher humidity or temperatures.

... research studying how viruses, including some coronaviruses and influenza, are affected by weather, in which evidence suggests that their transmission may decline with higher humidity or temperatures. The spread of COVID-19 is changing rapidly and there are still many unknown factors that ...

Ref: Protect the vulnerable from extreme heat during the COVID-19 pandemic [Environ Res, 2020-05-15]


The incidence of infections in China was markedly lower at very low temperatures,

... on human behaviour, and thus on behavioural risks for acquiring COVID-19, may also be important. The incidence of infections in China was markedly lower at very low temperatures, which might be related to characteristics of the virus, but equally may reflect reduced social ...

Ref: Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, January–February 2020 [Glob Health Action, 2020-05-14]


The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is stable from several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces,

... respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (~50% similarity) Lu et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2020) . The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is stable from several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces, according to a new study from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centers ...

Ref: A spatio-temporal analysis for exploring the effect of temperature on COVID-19 early evolution in Spain [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-08-01]


This new virus has some relations to SARS-CoV but it is more aggressive than SARS, MERS, or the seasonal influenza 2 .

... all over the world and had a great impact on public health and worldwide economy. This new virus has some relations to SARS-CoV but it is more aggressive than SARS, MERS, or the seasonal influenza 2 . It has exhibited relatively high human-to-human transmissibility compared to other coronavirus infections 3 To predict ...

Ref: Roles of meteorological conditions in COVID-19 transmission on a worldwide scale [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-03-20]


In winter and spring, a decrease in resistance to respiratory diseases in a colder environment for population might be easier to accelerate the spread velocity.

... spread of novel coronavirus since December 2019 might be related to the ongoing climate change. In winter and spring, a decrease in resistance to respiratory diseases in a colder environment for population might be easier to accelerate the spread velocity. Lin etc. showed that in days with a lower air temperature during the epidemic, the ...

Ref: Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-07-15]


These results can have important policy implications for the containment of COVID-19 spread and macro-economic management with respect to changes in the weather.

... COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. Our results are contrary to many earlier studies which suggest a significant role of temperature in slowing down the COVID-19 spread. These results can have important policy implications for the containment of COVID-19 spread and macro-economic management with respect to changes in the weather. ...

Ref: The nexus between COVID-19, temperature and exchange rate in Wuhan city: New findings from partial and multiple wavelet coherence [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


medRxiv preprint Changes in a single weather factor, such as temperature or humidity, could not correlate with the case counts very well.

... The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 17, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20064923 doi: medRxiv preprint Changes in a single weather factor, such as temperature or humidity, could not correlate with the case counts very well. On the other hand, several meteorological factors combined together could describe the epidemic trend much ...

Ref: Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. [Sci Total Environ, 2020-04-17]


Many contagious epidemics occur and wane away with a change in the weather.

... human being, where its fast transmission mechanism remains inadequately understood (Altamimi and Ahmed, 2019) . Many contagious epidemics occur and wane away with a change in the weather. Flu and other seasonal diseases such as norovirus vomiting bug, pneumonia come in winter. Other ...

Ref: The effects of regional climatic condition on the spread of COVID-19 at global scale [Sci Total Environ, 2020-10-15]


The results indicated that daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ghana correlated negatively with maximum temperature and relative humidity.

... The results indicated that daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ghana correlated negatively with maximum temperature and relative humidity. Previous studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV also highlighted temperature as an important factor in the survival and transmission of such coronaviruses [22] - [26] . ...

Ref: Effects of weather and policy intervention on COVID-19 infection in Ghana [Sci Total Environ, 2020-04-28]


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has resulted in a global crisis.

... IMPORTANCE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has resulted in a global crisis. Investigating the potential association of climate and seasonality with the spread of this infection could aid in preventive and surveillance strategies. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of climate with ...

Ref: Temperature, Humidity, and Latitude Analysis to Estimate Potential Spread and Seasonality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [JAMA Netw Open, 2020-06-11]


These proactive, positive responses corroborate that the best way to weather a storm is to look where storms have repeatedly been weathered.

... reminiscent of ride-out and recovery procedures already commonplace in a Texas Gulf Coast medical center. These proactive, positive responses corroborate that the best way to weather a storm is to look where storms have repeatedly been weathered. In a more direct way, we have seen this for the COVID pandemic in portions ...

Ref: Provider Burnout and Fatigue During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From a High-Volume Intensive Care Unit [Anesth Analg, 2020-04-20]


Changes to specific humidity modulate R 0 between a maximum wintertime value 3 .

... betacoronaviruses as well as influenza. Fig.2 shows different potential functional forms for the climatetransmission relationship. Changes to specific humidity modulate R 0 between a maximum wintertime value 3 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a author/funder, who has granted medRxiv ...

Ref: Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic [Anesth Analg, 2020-04-07]


This study has determined that increasing temperature and short-wave radiation would positively increase the number of confirmed cases, mortality rate, and recovered cases.

... results revealed that weather conditions largely influence the spread of coronavirus in most of the Chinese provinces. This study has determined that increasing temperature and short-wave radiation would positively increase the number of confirmed cases, mortality rate, and recovered cases. The findings of this study agree with the results of our previous study. ...

Ref: The correlation between the spread of COVID-19 infections and weather variables in 30 Chinese provinces and the impact of Chinese government mitigation plans [Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020]


Empirical results have shown that the relationship between temperature and COVID-19 is mostly positive for Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui,

... the official websites of the Chinese National Health Commission and Weather Underground Company (WUC) respectively. Empirical results have shown that the relationship between temperature and COVID-19 is mostly positive for Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui, while mostly negative for Zhejiang and Shandong provinces. The remaining five provinces Guangdong, Henan, Jiangxi, ...

Ref: Asymmetric nexus between temperature and COVID-19 in the top ten affected provinces of China: A current application of quantile-on-quantile approach [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-01]


the authors did not provide detailed information on weather variables during those days which should have a direct impact on both land surface temperature and PM levels.

... of pre-lockdown time and 28-March-2020 and 13-April-2020 as the representative of ongoing lockdown periods. However, the authors did not provide detailed information on weather variables during those days which should have a direct impact on both land surface temperature and PM levels. Moreover, the cloud cover of the three Landsat 8 OLI images should be reported since ...

Ref: Letter to the Editor: Note on published research on the effects of COVID-19 on the environment without sufficient depth of science [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-20]


COVID-19 outbreak from Wuhan showed a strong association between disease spread and weather conditions,

... 2020) . Wang et al. (2020) also reported similar findings for the case of China. COVID-19 outbreak from Wuhan showed a strong association between disease spread and weather conditions, with predictions that warm weather will play an important role in suppressing the virus. Other ...

Ref: Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-08-01]


This study employed a secondary data analysis of covid-19 surveillance data from the Norwegian public health institute and weather data from the Norwegian Meteorological institute.

... analyze the correlation between weather and covid-19 pandemic in the capital city of Norway, Oslo. This study employed a secondary data analysis of covid-19 surveillance data from the Norwegian public health institute and weather data from the Norwegian Meteorological institute. The components of weather include minimum temperature (°C), maximum temperature (°C), temperature average (°C), normal ...

Ref: Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


not much has been done on the effects of weather on the spread of COVID-19.

... studies have demonstrated the effects of ambient temperature on the transmission and survival of coronaviruses, not much has been done on the effects of weather on the spread of COVID-19. This study investigates the effects of temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed and the specific government ...

Ref: Effects of weather and policy intervention on COVID-19 infection in Ghana [Sci Total Environ, 2020-04-28]


We have found that the average temperatures of up to 6 previous days have a moderate negative correlation with the daily increment of infected people.

... such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed on the transmission of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). We have found that the average temperatures of up to 6 previous days have a moderate negative correlation with the daily increment of infected people. This result is relevant since the mean incubation period of COVID-19 is known to be ...

Ref: Effect of Temperature on the Transmission of COVID-19: A Machine Learning Case Study in Spain [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-06]


However, it is unlikely that outbreaks will happen everywhere with the same intensity.

... spread owing to seasonal changes of climate suitability and increased abundance of the viral pool. However, it is unlikely that outbreaks will happen everywhere with the same intensity. Not just because of seasonality in climate, but also because of the interactions with initial ...

Ref: Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely to be constrained by climate [Sci Total Environ, 2020-03-16]


The incidence of infections in China was markedly lower at very low temperatures, which might be related to characteristics of the virus,

... on human behaviour, and thus on behavioural risks for acquiring COVID-19, may also be important. The incidence of infections in China was markedly lower at very low temperatures, which might be related to characteristics of the virus, but equally may reflect reduced social contact when it is very cold outside. Conversely, brighter, ...

Ref: Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, January–February 2020 [Glob Health Action, 2020-05-14]


Although the transmission of COVID-19 should go down as weather temperature goes up, the virus may not disappear completely.

... • S) with a 6-month cycle and in the other regions with an annual cycle. Although the transmission of COVID-19 should go down as weather temperature goes up, the virus may not disappear completely. The infection rate could simply slow down, as suggested by the evidence that people get ...

Ref: Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-05-17]


Professionals and consumers must be educated about these concerns to optimize the health and safety of persons with SCIs.

... issues of persons with SCIs in relationship to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are described. Professionals and consumers must be educated about these concerns to optimize the health and safety of persons with SCIs. Moreover, these concerns may be similar in persons with other etiology of disability and professionals ...

Ref: Pandemics, climate change, and disability related to SCI [Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 2020-05-11]


we enumerate the main open resources in terms of weather and climate variables.

... Italy, Spain, France, Germany, US, etc.). To facilitate the rapid response to the study of the seasonal behavior of Covid-19, we enumerate the main open resources in terms of weather and climate variables. We also assess the reusability of some representative open-data sources. ...

Ref: COVID-19: Open-data resources for monitoring, modeling, and forecasting the epidemic [Electronics (Switzerland), 2020]


Though not demonstrating cause and effect, there were appreciable associations between weather and COVID-19 incidence during the epidemic in China.

... Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence.Conclusion: Though not demonstrating cause and effect, there were appreciable associations between weather and COVID-19 incidence during the epidemic in China. This does not mean the pandemic will go away with summer weather but demonstrates the ...

Ref: Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, January-February 2020 [Glob Health Action, 2020]


Through statistical analysis, we were able to identify the vulnerable ranges of weather parameters and validate them for different time intervals, and against worldwide findings.

... 1 and Apr 9, 2020 across all US states marked with varying daily weather parameters. Through statistical analysis, we were able to identify the vulnerable ranges of weather parameters and validate them for different time intervals, and against worldwide findings. Using our results, we predicted the risky states in India, which could possibly be more ...

Ref: Effect of weather on COVID-19 spread in the US: A prediction model for India in 2020 [Science of The Total Environment, 2020-08-01]


complicating the identification and interpretation of trends from satellite data and long-term monitoring networks.

... coincide with the seasonal meteorological changes that come with the transition from winter into spring, complicating the identification and interpretation of trends from satellite data and long-term monitoring networks. While air quality in New York City is similar to previous years, Los Angeles residents ...

Ref: COVID-19 and the Air We Breathe [ACS Earth Space Chem, 2020-04-15]


Having a youthful population and favorable weather appears compelling, particularly their combined effect;

... population that is more youthful, favorable weather, and possible prior exposure to a cross-reactive virus. Having a youthful population and favorable weather appears compelling, particularly their combined effect; however, progression of the pandemic in the region and globally may dispel these in the ...

Ref: Why is There Low Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19 in Africa? [Am. j. trop. med. hyg, 2020]


changes in the mortality in non-Hubei regions also became significant (U = 73, P = 0.039).

... confirmed cases remained unchanged (U = 40, P = 0.139). However, another eight days later, changes in the mortality in non-Hubei regions also became significant (U = 73, P = 0.039). Mortality of confirmed cases was found to be significantly correlated with temperature both in Wuhan ...

Ref: The Effects of "Fangcang, Huoshenshan, and Leishenshan" Makeshift Hospitals and Temperature on the Mortality of COVID-19 [Am. j. trop. med. hyg, 2020-02-29]


Most people infected experience mild to moderate respiratory illness such as fever, coughing and shortness of breath.

... manifestations where 80% of infections are mild (no pneumonia manifestations) or asymptomatic (WHO, 2020b) . Most people infected experience mild to moderate respiratory illness such as fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Most estimates of the incubation period for Covid-19 range from 1-14 days, most commonly around ...

Ref: Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-29]


The results revealed that weather conditions largely influence the spread of coronavirus in most of the Chinese provinces.

... for the next 210 days is estimated by predicting the expected confirmed and recovered cases. The results revealed that weather conditions largely influence the spread of coronavirus in most of the Chinese provinces. This study has determined that increasing temperature and short-wave radiation would positively increase the number ...

Ref: The correlation between the spread of COVID-19 infections and weather variables in 30 Chinese provinces and the impact of Chinese government mitigation plans [Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020]


Meteorological factors influenced the trend on the regional outbreaks in Mexican's states likely by the host predisposition and susceptibility during the cold winter season.

... in states where the lowest temperatures and lowest precipitations were registered (19.65 °C and 8.48 mm respectively). Meteorological factors influenced the trend on the regional outbreaks in Mexican"s states likely by the host predisposition and susceptibility during the cold winter season. In Mexico, the climate characteristics played a crucial role on the local infection during the ...

Ref: The temperature and regional climate effects on communitarian COVID-19 contagion in Mexico throughout phase 1 [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


The results demonstrated that the relative humidity and maximum daily temperature had the highest impact on the confirmed cases.

... confirmed cases compared with the fluctuations of daily weather parameters (wind, humidity, and average temperature). The results demonstrated that the relative humidity and maximum daily temperature had the highest impact on the confirmed cases. The relative humidity in the main case study, with an average of 77.9%, affected positively, ...

Ref: Investigating a serious challenge in the sustainable development process: Analysis of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (new type of Coronavirus) through a binary classification using artificial intelligence and regression analysis [Sustainability, 2020]


Our results are contrary to many earlier studies which suggest a significant role of temperature in slowing down the COVID-19 spread.

... negative but limited impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. Our results are contrary to many earlier studies which suggest a significant role of temperature in slowing down the COVID-19 spread. These results can have important policy implications for the containment of COVID-19 spread and macro-economic ...

Ref: The nexus between COVID-19, temperature and exchange rate in Wuhan city: New findings from partial and multiple wavelet coherence [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


An increase in the average daily temperature by one degree Fahrenheit reduced the number of cases by approximately 6.4 cases/day.

... dummy variable was added. Daily data by country were analyzed using the panel data model. An increase in the average daily temperature by one degree Fahrenheit reduced the number of cases by approximately 6.4 cases/day. There was a negative correlation between the average temperature per country and the number of ...

Ref: Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2 [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


this paper might support the possibility as besides indoor difussion outdoor airborne transimission of the virus to have a great contribution.

... COVID-19 cases outbreak in Milan (Fig.8) . Being a novel pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher temperatures and low humidity levels. Also, this paper might support the possibility as besides indoor difussion outdoor airborne transimission of the virus to have a great contribution. ...

Ref: Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-02]


The few observed anomalous cases could have simple explanations.

... evidence, however, does not contradict the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic has been worst and developed more rapidly in specific countries which, during winter 2020, shared a common weather condition. The few observed anomalous cases could have simple explanations. ...

Ref: Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Its Monthly Forecast Based on Seasonal Climate Patterns [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-05-17]


Certain weather factors and population characteristics are thought to drive transmission, but studies examining these factors are limited.

... Background. The burden of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been geographically disproportionate. Certain weather factors and population characteristics are thought to drive transmission, but studies examining these factors are limited. We aimed to identify weather, sociodemographic, and geographic drivers of COVID-19 at the global scale using ...

Ref: Predictors of COVID-19 incidence, mortality, and epidemic growth rate at the country level [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-05-19]


Gutenberg- Richter's relationship is used to estimate the mean daily rate of exceedance of confirmed cases concerning the change in temperature.

... rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth. Gutenberg- Richter"s relationship is used to estimate the mean daily rate of exceedance of confirmed cases concerning the change in temperature. Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 ...

Ref: Does weather affect the growth rate of COVID-19, a study to comprehend transmission dynamics on human health [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-05-05]


cool, dry, and higher altitude environments, as well as more urban and obese populations, may be conducive to more rapid epidemic spread.

... this ecologic analysis demonstrate that global COVID-19 burden and timing of country-level epidemic growth can be predicted by weather and population factors. In particular, we find that cool, dry, and higher altitude environments, as well as more urban and obese populations, may be conducive to more rapid epidemic spread. Funding sources: None. ...

Ref: Predictors of COVID-19 incidence, mortality, and epidemic growth rate at the country level [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-05-19]


treatment decision-making for older patients is especially challenging and encourages us to re-focus our treatment priorities.

... toxicity, and the consequent impact on functional status. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, treatment decision-making for older patients is especially challenging and encourages us to re-focus our treatment priorities. While we work to avoid treatment delays and maintain therapeutic benefit, we also need to ...

Ref: Weathering the Storm: Managing Older Adults with Breast Cancer Amid COVID-19 and Beyond. [Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2020-05-25]


Early insights from laboratory studies of related coronaviruses predicted that COVID-19 would decline at higher temperatures, humidity, and ultraviolet light.

... reduce its continued spread, thereby alleviating strains on hospitals and providing time for vaccine development. Early insights from laboratory studies of related coronaviruses predicted that COVID-19 would decline at higher temperatures, humidity, and ultraviolet light. Using current, fine-scaled weather data and global reports of infection we developed a model that ...

Ref: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates [Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2020-04-22]


it is unlikely that outbreaks will happen everywhere with the same intensity.

... owing to seasonal changes of climate suitability and increased abundance of the viral pool. However, it is unlikely that outbreaks will happen everywhere with the same intensity. Not just because of seasonality in climate, but also because of the interactions with initial ...

Ref: Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely to be constrained by climate [Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2020-03-16]


There is no evidence supporting that case counts of COVID-19 could decline when the weather becomes warmer,

... indicate that mean temperature has a positive linear relationship with the number of COVID-19 cases with a threshold of 3 °C. There is no evidence supporting that case counts of COVID-19 could decline when the weather becomes warmer, which provides useful implications for policymakers and the public. ...

Ref: Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China [Sci Total Environ, 2020-07-01]


A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a 'Cytokine Storm Syndrome' (CSS).

... A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a "Cytokine Storm Syndrome" (CSS). In this review we compare the clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of COVID-CSS with other hematological CSS, namely secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), and CAR-T cell ...

Ref: Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes [Blood Rev, 2020]


Spearman rank correlation (r) shows significant but low correlation with most of the weather parameters,

... several time frames: weather of that day, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16 days before transmission. Spearman rank correlation (r) shows significant but low correlation with most of the weather parameters, however, comparatively better association exists on 14 days lag. Diurnal range in Temperature and Relative ...

Ref: Impact of Daily Weather on COVID-19 outbreak in India [Blood Rev, 2020-06-17]


Proactive planning is challenging when so little is known about SARS-CoV-2.

... Proactive planning is challenging when so little is known about SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, there is reason to believe the disease will have a predictable spatiotemporal spread based on environmental factors, particularly weather 3, 4 . This knowledge can help countries and regions ...

Ref: Weathering the pandemic: How the Caribbean Basin can use viral and environmental patterns to predict, prepare and respond to COVID‐19 [J Med Virol, 2020-04-10]


warm and humid weather could make SARS-CoV-2 less transmissible and less stable,

... weather alone would not necessarily decrease numbers of confirmed cases during the whole epidemic, but warm and humid weather could make SARS-CoV-2 less transmissible and less stable, provoking a break in the chain of transmission, and hence diminishing the contagious force of ...

Ref: Temperature Decreases Spread Parameters of the New Covid-19 Case Dynamics [Biology (Basel), 2020-05-03]


Climate and seasonality influence the distributions of many diseases, and studies suggest a link between SARS-CoV-2 and cool weather.

... The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is wreaking havoc globally, yet knowledge of its biology is limited. Climate and seasonality influence the distributions of many diseases, and studies suggest a link between SARS-CoV-2 and cool weather. One such study, building species distribution models (SDMs), predicted SARS-CoV-2 risk may remain concentrated in the ...

Ref: Spatial modeling cannot currently differentiate SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and human distributions on the basis of climate in the United States [Biology (Basel), 2020-04-10]


Climate data (latitude, mean 2-m temperature, mean specific humidity, and mean relative humidity) were obtained from ERA-5 reanalysis.

... defined as at least 10 reported deaths in a country as of March 10, 2020. Climate data (latitude, mean 2-m temperature, mean specific humidity, and mean relative humidity) were obtained from ERA-5 reanalysis. RESULTS: The 8 cities with substantial community spread as of March 10, 2020, were located ...

Ref: Temperature, Humidity, and Latitude Analysis to Estimate Potential Spread and Seasonality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [JAMA Netw Open, 2020-06-11]


The onset of warmer weather in the northern hemisphere may modestly reduce rate of spread,

... weather. The findings present an argument for further significant scaling up of containment measures now. The onset of warmer weather in the northern hemisphere may modestly reduce rate of spread, but anticipation of a substantial decline in total number infected due to warmer temperatures alone ...

Ref: Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020 [JAMA Netw Open, 2020-03-20]


It is noteworthy that the new epicenters of virus showed similar temperature and latitude and were all along the 30 to 0 N 00 zone.

... areas of China, with major outbreaks following in South Korea, Japan, Iran, and Northern Italy. It is noteworthy that the new epicenters of virus showed similar temperature and latitude and were all along the 30 to 0 N 00 zone. The diseases then spread to higher temperature areas like India, Thailand, and Middle East, which ...

Ref: COVID‐19: A relationship to climate and environmental conditions? [Dermatol Ther, 2020-04-24]


Kendall and Spearman rank correlation tests were chosen for data analysis.

... are average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, average humidity, wind speed, and air quality. Kendall and Spearman rank correlation tests were chosen for data analysis. We find that average temperature, minimum temperature, and air quality were significantly associated with the ...

Ref: Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


The parameter values may be improved when more information is available.

... for the next few months for the moment, and will update later if things change. The parameter values may be improved when more information is available. We argue that all prevention and control measures may be categorised into two large groups, ...

Ref: A conceptual model for the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China with individual reaction and governmental action [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-03-04]


Daily variations in different meteorological parameters in Singapore are shown in Fig. 3 and their descriptive statistical analyses are presented in Table 1 .

... Daily variations in different meteorological parameters in Singapore are shown in Fig. 3 and their descriptive statistical analyses are presented in Table 1 . T was recorded as high as 34 °C and as low as 24 °C. DP is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated without changing the ...

Ref: Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-12]


When it does, there is reasonable evidence to suggest the consequent COVID-19 outbreaks will overwhelm healthcare systems and economies.

... areas, like the Caribbean Basin, have yet to see the virus strike at full force. When it does, there is reasonable evidence to suggest the consequent COVID-19 outbreaks will overwhelm healthcare systems and economies. This is particularly concerning in the Caribbean as pandemics can have disproportionately higher mortality impacts ...

Ref: Weathering the pandemic: How the Caribbean Basin can use viral and environmental patterns to predict, prepare, and respond to COVID-19 [J. med. virol, 2020]


The results show that average relative Humidity 7 days ago has a conclusive association with recovered cases in all the states.

... been analyzed that the states having different humidity profiles exhibit different recovery response from COVID-19. The results show that average relative Humidity 7 days ago has a conclusive association with recovered cases in all the states. The two states Tamilnadu and Maharashtra, where the average relative Humidity is in range ~ ...

Ref: Impact of weather indicators on the COVID-19 outbreak: A multi-state study in India [J. med. virol, 2020-06-16]


Hence, this research will contribute to efforts against covid-19 as countries enter into new weather seasons and align their lock-down strategy measures accordingly.

Hence, this research will contribute to efforts against covid-19 as countries enter into new weather seasons and align their lock-down strategy measures accordingly.

Ref: Temperature and precipitation associate with Covid-19 new daily cases: A correlation study between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Oslo, Norway [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-29]


Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus,

... the Caribbean as pandemics can have disproportionately higher mortality impacts on lower and middle-income countries. Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus, making spatiotemporal predictions of its infectiousness possible. This review studies geographic and time-based distribution of ...

Ref: Weathering the pandemic: How the Caribbean Basin can use viral and environmental patterns to predict, prepare, and respond to COVID-19 [J. med. virol, 2020]


T was recorded as high as 34 °C and as low as 24 °C.

... shown in Fig. 3 and their descriptive statistical analyses are presented in Table 1 . T was recorded as high as 34 °C and as low as 24 °C. DP is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated without changing ...

Ref: Association of COVID-19 pandemic with meteorological parameters over Singapore [Sci Total Environ, 2020-06-12]


The diseases then spread to higher temperature areas like India, Thailand, and Middle East, which can be attributed to the global traveling.

... similar temperature and latitude and were all along the 30 to 0 N 00 zone. The diseases then spread to higher temperature areas like India, Thailand, and Middle East, which can be attributed to the global traveling. Weather patterns in COVID-19 (5 C-11 C and 47%-70% RH) are similar to those of ...

Ref: COVID‐19: A relationship to climate and environmental conditions? [Dermatol Ther, 2020-04-24]


changes in the number of people with respiratory diseases other than COVID-19, affecting the number of tests performed.

For example, changes in the number of people with respiratory diseases other than COVID-19, affecting the number of tests performed.

Ref: The Challenge of Using Epidemiological Case Count Data: The Example of Confirmed COVID-19 Cases and the Weather [Dermatol Ther, 2020-05-23]


Survey responses by AAHKS industry partners demonstrate a continued commitment to surgeon education with and increasing shift to a web-based platform.

... 60%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the orthopedic landscape for the foreseeable future. Survey responses by AAHKS industry partners demonstrate a continued commitment to surgeon education with and increasing shift to a web-based platform. Increased resource allocation for outpatient TJA and COVID-19-related safety measures were significant. Articulating optimal mechanisms ...

Ref: How Has COVID-19 Affected Our Orthopedic Implant Industry Partners? Implications for the Surgeon-Industry Relationship in 2020 and Beyond [J Arthroplasty, 2020-04-28]


Once this crisis passes, and it will, every human being will have endured the effects of this pandemic, either directly or indirectly.

... of policies. The COVID-19 pandemic will undoubtedly change our ways of life for many years to come. Once this crisis passes, and it will, every human being will have endured the effects of this pandemic, either directly or indirectly. Let this be the time for leadership, resilience, vigilance, and common resolve. n ...

Ref: cord_uid slqjz1wh What’s Important: Weathering the COVID-19 Cris... slqjz1wh What's Important: Weathering the COVID-19 Cris... Name: title, dtype: object [J Arthroplasty, cord_uid slqjz1wh 2020-05-06 slqjz1wh 2020-04-08 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]


Since that, reports of positive confirmed COVID-19 cases have been informed in more than 205 countries worldwide

... Wuhan, China. The new coronavirus was termed SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 as its respiratory infectious disease. Since that, reports of positive confirmed COVID-19 cases have been informed in more than 205 countries worldwide (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html, May 14-2020). In Mexico, the official announcement on the first infected patient was on ...

Ref: The temperature and regional climate effects on communitarian COVID-19 contagion in Mexico throughout phase 1 [Sci Total Environ, 2020-05-19]


Changes in weather are very significantly correlated with changes in mortality rates due to pneumonia

... can determine the survival and transmission of the SARS virus (Yuan et al., 2006) . Changes in weather are very significantly correlated with changes in mortality rates due to pneumonia (Bull, 1980) . Viruses can be transmitted by being influenced by several factors, including climatic ...

Ref: Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia [Sci Total Environ, 2020-07-10]


The disadvantage is that it is difficult for medical staffs to work outdoors for long durations when the weather is very cold, hot or windy.

... The disadvantage is that it is difficult for medical staffs to work outdoors for long durations when the weather is very cold, hot or windy. If the medical staff responsible for collecting samples is not sufficiently trained, cross-contamination may occur while wearing the apron and gloves. Medical staffs should be assigned specimen collection only after ...

Ref: COVID-19 Screening Center: How to Balance between the Speed and Safety? [J Korean Med Sci, 2020-04-16]


There was a negative correlation between the average temperature per country and the number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

... daily temperature by one degree Fahrenheit reduced the number of cases by approximately 6.4 cases/day. There was a negative correlation between the average temperature per country and the number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This association remained strong even with the incorporation of additional variables and controls (maximum temperature, ...

Ref: Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2 [Sci Total Environ, 2020]


Using weather modeling, it may be possible to estimate the regions most likely to be at a higher risk of substantial community spread of COVID-19

... latitude, temperature, and humidity measurements was consistent with the behavior of a seasonal respiratory virus. Using weather modeling, it may be possible to estimate the regions most likely to be at a higher risk of substantial community spread of COVID-19 in the upcoming weeks, allowing for concentration of public health efforts on surveillance and containment. ...

Ref: Temperature, Humidity, and Latitude Analysis to Estimate Potential Spread and Seasonality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [JAMA Netw Open, 2020-06-11]