¿Las personas infectadas por el SARS-CoV-2 desarrollarán inmunidad?¿Es posible la protección cruzada?
(Will sars-cov2 infected people develop immunity? is cross protection possible?)
Primeras 5 respuestas:
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Age-related ACE2 receptor expression, lymphocyte count and trained immunity might be the keystone to reveal children's secret.
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This self-amplifying process can provide long-term disease mitigation and universal protection against known and unknown viral infections for the elderly.
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SARS-CoV2 exhibits the potential to escape the host's immune response.
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We aligned the sequence of S protein protective immunity (35, (78) (79) (80) .
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The immune protection is exerted through multiple mechanisms and properties of these cells.
Age-related ACE2 receptor expression, lymphocyte count and trained immunity might be the keystone to reveal children's secret.
... Epidemiological evidences show that SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less frequent and severe than adults. Age-related ACE2 receptor expression, lymphocyte count and trained immunity might be the keystone to reveal children"s secret. ...
Ref: Will children reveal their secret? The coronavirus dilemma [Eur Respir J, 2020-04-02]This self-amplifying process can provide long-term disease mitigation and universal protection against known and unknown viral infections for the elderly.
... In this manner, healthy adults can be provided pan-viral protection against viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B and any future variants and unknown novel viruses that may emerge. This self-amplifying process can provide long-term disease mitigation and universal protection against known and unknown viral infections for the elderly. ...
Ref: Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak [J Transl Med, 2020-05-12]SARS-CoV2 exhibits the potential to escape the host's immune response.
... SARS-CoV2 exhibits the potential to escape the host"s immune response. A greater emphasis should be laid on researching how this virus interacts with immunity and the resultant devastating disease affects children and elderly individuals. With this knowledge, studies should be ...
Ref: Covid-19: loss of bridging between innate and adaptive immunity? [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-23]We aligned the sequence of S protein protective immunity (35, (78) (79) (80) .
... and an external 205 subdomain, which was more similar to that of SARS-CoV (29) . We aligned the sequence of S protein protective immunity (35, (78) (79) (80) . For example, the expression of full-length S protein and its trimer of recombinant S1 or ...
Ref: From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development [Microbes Infect, 2020-05-11]The immune protection is exerted through multiple mechanisms and properties of these cells.
... several molecules such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) or retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1)-like receptor (RLR). The immune protection is exerted through multiple mechanisms and properties of these cells. They contain numerous cytoplasmatic granules that release cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other molecules that ...
Ref: Eosinophil Response Against Classical and Emerging Respiratory Viruses: COVID-19. [Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology, 2020-06-16]The antibody responses were associated with blocking viral replication and upper and lower respiratory tract protection against MERS-CoV infection in rabbits.
... of high magnitude and quality (avidity, MERS-CoV neutralizing capacity, and mucosal immunity) with cross-clade neutralization. The antibody responses were associated with blocking viral replication and upper and lower respiratory tract protection against MERS-CoV infection in rabbits. This arrayed multivalent presentation of the viral RBD using the antigen-SpyTag/LS-SpyCatcher is a promising MERS-CoV ...
Ref: Particulate multivalent presentation of the receptor binding domain induces protective immune responses against MERS-CoV [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020]An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections.
... Background: The efficacy of the humoral and cellular immunity determines the outcome of viral infections. An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in ...
Ref: A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020-05-02]uninfected individuals will require an SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
... uninfected individuals will require an SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We are confident that the rapid and collaborative efforts among researchers around the globe will offer an effective countermeasure to COVID-19 in the near future. ...
Ref: COVID‐19 vaccines: knowing the unknown [Eur J Immunol, 2020-05-21]Cellular immunity is important in protection against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses.
... Cellular immunity is important in protection against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. Thus, in addition to detection of antibodies, it is important to develop commercially available gammainterferon release assays that will be able to correlate the level of cellular immunity. These assays ...
Ref: Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines [Cureus, 2020-06-01]The timing, magnitude and longevity of humoral immunity is not yet understood for SARS-CoV-2.
... (COVID-19). As of 17 April 2020, it has infected 2â114â269 people, resulting in 145â144 deaths. The timing, magnitude and longevity of humoral immunity is not yet understood for SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, understanding this is urgently required to inform the likely future dynamics of the pandemic, ...
Ref: The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection [J. gen. virol, 2020]As protective immunity does not exist in humans and the virus is capable of escaping innate immune responses,
... The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 causes COVID-19, a pandemic threatening millions. As protective immunity does not exist in humans and the virus is capable of escaping innate immune responses, it can proliferate, unhindered, in primarily infected tissues. Subsequent cell death results in the release of virus particles and intracellular ...
Ref: COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options [Clin Immunol, 2020]The degree to which the innate immune response confers protection or induces pathogenesis through a dysregulated immune response remains unclear.
... the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for the application and development of therapeutics. The degree to which the innate immune response confers protection or induces pathogenesis through a dysregulated immune response remains unclear. In this review, we discuss what is known about the role of the innate immune ...
Ref: The Innate Immune System: Fighting on the Front Lines or Fanning the Flames of COVID-19? [Cell Host Microbe, 2020]there are additional concerns about immune enhancement and the role of potential host immunopathology resulting from experimental human COVID-19 vaccines.
... to COVID-19 caused by the SARS-2 coronavirus (SARS CoV2). From studies conducted in laboratory animals, there are additional concerns about immune enhancement and the role of potential host immunopathology resulting from experimental human COVID-19 vaccines. Here we summarize evidence suggesting there may be partial overlap between the underlying immunopathologic processes ...
Ref: The potential role of Th17 immune responses in coronavirus immunopathology and vaccine-induced immune enhancement [Microbres infect, 2020]Allo-priming healthy elderly adults is proposed to provide universal protection from progression of any type of viral infection,
... potential to protect the most vulnerable from disease and provide society an incalculable economic benefit. Allo-priming healthy elderly adults is proposed to provide universal protection from progression of any type of viral infection, including protection against progression of the current outbreak of COVID-19 infection, and any future variants ...
Ref: Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak [J Transl Med, 2020]The effectual host immune response including innate and adaptive immunity against SARS-Cov-2 seems crucial to control and resolve the viral infection.
... membrane, nucleocapsid and spike proteins that are responsible for the viral infectivity, and nonstructural proteins. The effectual host immune response including innate and adaptive immunity against SARS-Cov-2 seems crucial to control and resolve the viral infection. However, the severity and outcome of the COVID-19 might be associated with the excessive production ...
Ref: COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs [Turk J Med Sci, 2020]The immune response is thought to both contribute to the pathogenesis of disease and provide protection during its resolution.
... respiratory distress syndrome, and there are no targeted intervention strategies to treat or prevent it. The immune response is thought to both contribute to the pathogenesis of disease and provide protection during its resolution. Thus, understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is of the utmost importance for developing and ...
Ref: Early Insights into Immune Responses during COVID-19. [Journal of immunology, 2020-06-08]This predictive view may help in designing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19 in the near future.
... view among SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the newly epidemic SARS-CoV-2, in the hope to gain a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction, host immune responses, and the pathogen immune evasion strategies. This predictive view may help in designing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19 in the near future. ...
Ref: Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic [Asian Pacific journal of allergy and immunology, 2020]The best therapeutic strategy to find an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is to explore the target structural protein.
... The best therapeutic strategy to find an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is to explore the target structural protein. In the present study, a novel multi-epitope vaccine is designed using in silico tools that potentially trigger both CD4 and CD8 T-cell immune responses against the novel Coronavirus. The vaccine ...
Ref: Design of multi-epitope vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2: a in-silico study [J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020]These epitopes presented initial vaccine target recommendations for potentially eliciting a protective, cross-reactive immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
... based on limited early data, identified known SARS-CoV epitopes that had an identical genetic match in SARS-CoV-2. These epitopes presented initial vaccine target recommendations for potentially eliciting a protective, cross-reactive immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Similar ideas and results were reported subsequently in an independent study 2 . ...
Ref: COVIDep platform for real-time reporting of vaccine target recommendations for SARS-CoV-2: Description and connections with COVID-19 immune responses and preclinical vaccine trials [bioRxiv, 2020-06-04]A key unanswered question is whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immunity against re-exposure.
... is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global COVID-19 pandemic. A key unanswered question is whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immunity against re-exposure. We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed that macaques had high ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques [Science (Wash.), 2020]Natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal effectors of the innate immunity protecting an individual from microbes.
... Natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal effectors of the innate immunity protecting an individual from microbes. They are the first line of defense against invading viruses, given their substantial ability to directly target infected cells without the need for specific antigen presentation. By establishing cellular networks ...
Ref: NK cells: A double edge sword against SARS-CoV-2 [Adv Biol Regul, 2020-06-13]Individuals with weakened immune systems appear to be at greater risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19.
... disease, including COVID-19. Several antiviral drugs are being tested, and initial findings are expected soon. Individuals with weakened immune systems appear to be at greater risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19. Immunotherapy using IgG in combination with antiviral drugs could be used to treat or prevent ...
Ref: Could Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collected from Recovered Coronavirus Patients Protect against COVID-19 and Strengthen the Immune System of New Patients? [Int J Mol Sci, 2020-03-25]Convalescent Covid-19 patients can be expected to have reasonably high titers of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
... implementable approach to the development of antivirals is the use of plasma-derived polyclonal hyperimmune globulin. Convalescent Covid-19 patients can be expected to have reasonably high titers of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Plasmapheresis could be used to collect sufficient volumes of plasma from individuals who have recovered ...
Ref: Impact of immune enhancement on Covid-19 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin therapy and vaccine development [EBioMedicine, 2020-04-16]these responses might provide cross-protection against phylogenetically-related pathogens or unrelated pathogens containing similar antigenic structures.
... Vaccination stimulates adaptive immune responses against infectious agents, and these responses might provide cross-protection against phylogenetically-related pathogens or unrelated pathogens containing similar antigenic structures. It is conceivable that the immunity generated by childhood vaccination against other viruses (eg, measles, mumps, and rubella or polio vaccines) ...
Ref: Higher prevalence of asymptomatic or mild COVID‐19 in children, claims and clues [J Med Virol, 2020-06-09]Natural infection with SARS-CoV gives rise to dominant responses against the structural antigens of SARS-CoV in humans and animals .
... Natural infection with SARS-CoV gives rise to dominant responses against the structural antigens of SARS-CoV in humans and animals . The spike (S) protein is responsible for both receptor binding and membrane fusion of the virus , but also acts as a major antigen for both humoral and cellular immunity ...
Ref: T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV [Antiviral Res, 2016-11-11]SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells persist in peripheral blood and may be capable of providing effective information about protective immunity.
... protective antibody IgG. Perhaps T cell responses may be the key to solving those questions. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells persist in peripheral blood and may be capable of providing effective information about protective immunity. The T cells studies can be helpful in elucidating the pathways for development of vaccines, ...
Ref: Protective immunity after COVID-19 has been questioned: what can we do without SARS-CoV-2-IgG detection? [Cell Immunol, 2020-04-28]require the development of effective countermeasures especially a vaccine to provide active acquired immunity against the virus.
... The emergence and rapid expansion of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) require the development of effective countermeasures especially a vaccine to provide active acquired immunity against the virus. This study presented a comprehensive vaccinomics approach applied to the complete protein data published so far in the National Center ...
Ref: Design of a Novel Multi Epitope-Based Vaccine for Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) by Vaccinomics and Probable Prevention Strategy against Avenging Zoonotics [Eur J Pharm Sci, 2020]The outcomes of the coronavirus infection depend on humoral immune responses such as the subtype and titre of antibody.
... of and recovery from the coronavirus infection are usually associated with adaptive and innate immunity. The outcomes of the coronavirus infection depend on humoral immune responses such as the subtype and titre of antibody. Although NHPs, mice and other experimental animals can effectively mimic coronavirus infection, the genetic diversity ...
Ref: Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020-05-13]Following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge, animals exhibited rapid anamnestic immune responses,
... Following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge, animals exhibited rapid anamnestic immune responses, including increased virus-specific ELISA titers (P = 0.0034, two-sided Mann-Whitney test), pseudovirus NAb titers (P = 0.0003), and live virus NAb titers (P = 0.0003) as well as a trend ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques [Science, 2020-05-20]Stronger adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients can potentially lead to longer recovery time and more severe secondary complications.
... epithelial cells in the lungs in COVID-19 patients while enhancing viral clearance in influenza patients. Stronger adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients can potentially lead to longer recovery time and more severe secondary complications. Based on our analysis, delaying the onset of adaptive immune responses during the early phase ...
Ref: Mathematical modeling of interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses in COVID-19 and implications for viral pathogenesis [J. med. virol, 2020]Women, compared to men, are less susceptible to viral infections based on a different innate immunity, steroid hormones and factors related to sex chromosomes.
... differences between men and women in the immune response to CoV-19 infection and inflammatory diseases. Women, compared to men, are less susceptible to viral infections based on a different innate immunity, steroid hormones and factors related to sex chromosomes. The presence of two X chromosomes in women emphasize the immune system even if one ...
Ref: Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection [J. biol. regul. homeost. agents, 2020]In patients with a dysfunctional bridge adaptive immunity, the innate immune response becomes exaggerated due to the lack of feedback from the adaptive immune cells.
... specific adaptive immune response to eliminate the virus and prevent the progress to severe stages. In patients with a dysfunctional bridge adaptive immunity, the innate immune response becomes exaggerated due to the lack of feedback from the adaptive immune cells. The resultant cytokine storm is responsible for the severe lung injury leading to acute respiratory ...
Ref: Mesenchymal Stem Cells -Bridge Catalyst Between Innte And Adaptive Immunity In Covid 19 [Med Hypotheses, 2020]The ability to establish herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 hinges on the assumption that infection with the virus generates sufficient, protective immunity.
... The ability to establish herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 hinges on the assumption that infection with the virus generates sufficient, protective immunity. At present, the extent to which humans are able to generate sterilizing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. A recent study assessing the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a small cohort ...
Ref: Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19 [Immunity, 2020-05-19]Most severe SARS-CoV-2 infections lead to a robust immune 262 response 10 ,
... immunity is the 260 possibility of a low antibody response in mildly infected or even asymptomatic 261 COVID-19 cases. Most severe SARS-CoV-2 infections lead to a robust immune 262 response 10 , but on the other hand, PCR-diagnosed mild or asymptomatic infections 263 ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Testing – Questions to be asked [J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020-05-29]The control of viral infection requires an optimal and innate coordinated host antiviral immunity.
... The control of viral infection requires an optimal and innate coordinated host antiviral immunity. This response is activated by various sensors, including pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although for many viruses, viral RNA is a PAMP classically detected by ...
Ref: Innate Immune Signaling and Proteolytic Pathways in the Resolution or Exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19: Key Therapeutic Targets? [Front Immunol, 2020-05-28]The immune defense triggered by SARS-CoV-2 may include initiation of IFN response, and the occurrence of CTL killing activity and neutralizing antibodies;
... immune response may rapidly control the spread of the virus, while a delayed and aberrant immune response leads to severe lung or systemic inflammation and high mortality. The immune defense triggered by SARS-CoV-2 may include initiation of IFN response, and the occurrence of CTL killing activity and neutralizing antibodies; the immunopathogenesis of ...
Ref: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐induced immune responses: friends or foes? [Scand J Immunol, 2020-05-23]CoV-19 infection and the virus's Spike protein inhibit the expression of ACE2, abolishing its protective function.
... CoV-19 infection and the virus"s Spike protein inhibit the expression of ACE2, abolishing its protective function. Inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACEI) are used to stem the devastating effects of CoV-19, to increase the number of CD3 and CD8 T cells and to reduce the ...
Ref: Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection. [Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2020-04-07]Vaccination stimulates adaptive immune responses against infectious agents,
... Vaccination stimulates adaptive immune responses against infectious agents, and these responses might provide cross-protection against phylogenetically-related pathogens or unrelated pathogens containing similar antigenic structures. It is conceivable that the immunity generated by childhood vaccination against other viruses (eg, ...
Ref: Higher prevalence of asymptomatic or mild COVID‐19 in children, claims and clues [J Med Virol, 2020-06-09]SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe pneumonia in a small proportion of patients.
... SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe pneumonia in a small proportion of patients. The increased susceptibility to severe disease in the elderly and individuals with co-morbidities argues for an initial defect in anti-viral host defense mechanisms. Long-term boosting of innate immune responses, also ...
Ref: Trained Immunity: a Tool for Reducing Susceptibility to and the Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection [Cell, 2020]offer suggestions to both understand and therapeutically modulate anti-COVID immunity.
... infection are currently limited. In this Perspective, we explore the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune systems to both viral control as well as toxicity during COVID-19 infections and offer suggestions to both understand and therapeutically modulate anti-COVID immunity. ...
Ref: The many faces of the anti-COVID immune response [J Exp Med, 2020-04-30]Innate immunity serves as the first line of virus clearance and initiates adaptive immunity via cytokine/chemokine secretion.
... Innate immunity serves as the first line of virus clearance and initiates adaptive immunity via cytokine/chemokine secretion. Dysregulation of cytokine production resulting in a cytokine storm is believed to be associated with disease severity. Elevated secretion of cytokines, particularly IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, GCSF, MCP-1, MIP1α and ...
Ref: Spiking Pandemic Potential: Structural and Immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 [Trends Microbiol, 2020-05-20]Specific vaccines could be used to initiate the formation of specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV2 virus.
... one of which is through the development of vaccines that have not yet been found. Specific vaccines could be used to initiate the formation of specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV2 virus. This development is being temporarily developed in various parts of the world and is the ...
Ref: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-04-18]We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients.
... become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral ...
Ref: Characterization of anti-viral immunity in recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-03-20]The immune system provides vital defence against viral infections.
... Multiple sclerosis in the COVID-19 era. The immune system provides vital defence against viral infections. This has led to concern for people taking immunosuppressive agents, as immune compromised people are particularly vulnerable to infection (Coles et al. 2020; Willis ...
Ref: The underpinning biology relating to multiple sclerosis disease modifying treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. [Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2020-05-12]studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.
... Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells are required to generate an effective immune response against viruses, functional exhaustion of which ...
Ref: Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents [Med Hypotheses, 2020]SARS-CoV-2 infection can stimulate a pronounced immune response in the host,
... coronavirus that belongs to the ß genus, causing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection can stimulate a pronounced immune response in the host, which embodies in the decrease of lymphocytes and aberrant increase of cytokines in COVID-19 patients. ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immune responses: friends or foes? [Scand J Immunol, 2020]Whether there is life-long neutralizing immunity after infection requires further study.
... Whether there is life-long neutralizing immunity after infection requires further study. There have been recent reports of "re-positive" cases of nucleic acid testing in discharged patients, which may be related to "false positive" tests at discharge, rather than actual recurrence (6, ...
Ref: cord_uid rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... Name: title, dtype: object [Scand J Immunol, cord_uid rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]In the near future, it may contribute to vaccine or drug studies to be developed on immune intervention.
... guide. In this review, we aimed to provide a good view on immune strategies by comparing immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 disease among other members of the family, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. In the near future, it may contribute to vaccine or drug studies to be developed on immune intervention. ...
Ref: Immune Responses to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. [Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2020-06-09]Whether antibodies are important for the adaptive immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection needs to be determined.
... acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has spread worldwide. Whether antibodies are important for the adaptive immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection needs to be determined. Here, 26 cases of COVID‐19 in Jinan, China, were examined and shown to be mild ...
Ref: Long‐term coexistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 with antibody response in COVID‐19 patients [J Med Virol, 2020-05-05]The host is able to mount immune responses upon infection by viruses, as well as other microbes, and control the spread of these pathogens within the body.
... plays a key role in the host defense against the infectious agents during these pandemics. The host is able to mount immune responses upon infection by viruses, as well as other microbes, and control the spread of these pathogens within the body. However, some viral strains are capable of evading the immune attack and proliferate in the ...
Ref: Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [J Biomed Sci, 2020-06-04]The protective effect of humoral immunity is mainly based on neutralizing antibodies which impede the virus to enter the host cells (4) .
... presented with specific IgG antibodies 25 days after the onset of viral infection (8) . The protective effect of humoral immunity is mainly based on neutralizing antibodies which impede the virus to enter the host cells (4) . In case of SARS-CoV, neutralizing antibodies are directed against the spike (S) glycoprotein which mediates ...
Ref: Implications of COVID-19 Outbreak on Immune Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis Patients—Lessons Learned From SARS and MERS [Front Immunol, 2020-05-12]Cellular immunity and neutralizing antibodies are important in protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2.
... Cellular immunity and neutralizing antibodies are important in protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2. There is a need to develop ELISAs to be able to quantify the level of anti-RBD antibodies and its correlation with the level of neutralizing antibodies providing protection from re-infection. ...
Ref: Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines [Cureus, 2020-06-01]Cross immunity though helps,
... Cross immunity though helps, the questions to be considered are: "will crossimmunity enhance career status for COVID-19 and make the disease endemic or contribute to mutations of viruses and hamper vaccine research/vaccination against COVID-19?", ...
Ref: Protective effects of vaccinations and endemic infections on COVID-19: A Hypothesis [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-26]Smoking weakens the immune system enabling easy entry into the host cell,
... cell (macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes) infiltration at the site of infection, to contain further spread. Smoking weakens the immune system enabling easy entry into the host cell, rapid multiplication of the virus followed by hyperinflammatory response triggered by "cytokine storm" in the ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 susceptibility and lung inflammatory storm by smoking and vaping [J Inflamm (Lond), 2020-06-10]immune IgG antibodies will be specific against COVID-19 by boosting the immune response in newly infected patients
... or the surrounding area, in order to increase the chance of neutralizing the virus These immune IgG antibodies will be specific against COVID-19 by boosting the immune response in newly infected patients Different procedures may be used to remove or inactivate any possible pathogens from the plasma ...
Ref: Could Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collected from Recovered Coronavirus Patients Protect against COVID-19 and Strengthen the Immune System of New Patients? [International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020]While adaptive immune responses are essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance,
... immune system of an individual results in a diverse clinical manifestation of the COVID-19 disease While adaptive immune responses are essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance, the innate immune cells, such as macrophages, may contribute, in some cases, to the disease ...
Ref: COVID-19 and the immune system [Physiological research, 2020]Host induces immune response when infected by the virus, which can protect the individual from the same virus but not from the mutated one.
... ACE2 protein within most of the birds Figure 5 . Viral selection during an outbreak. Host induces immune response when infected by the virus, which can protect the individual from the same virus but not from the mutated one. Reservoir host allows the virus to replicate and mutate, leading to an expansion in viral ...
Ref: Emergence of Novel Coronavirus and COVID-19: whether to stay or die out? [Crit Rev Microbiol, 2020-04-13]The virus is highly infectious and can transfer from person to person.
... COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus having close genetic resemblance with SARS-CoV and bat-CoV. The virus is highly infectious and can transfer from person to person. As predicted previously by various researchers worldwide, COVID-19 emerged as pandemic. The present situation clearly ...
Ref: Prevention and Control Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection [Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), 2020-04-30]To elucidate pathways in peripheral immune cells that might lead to immunopathology or protective immunity in severe COVID-19,
... that may be produced by a subset of inflammatory monocytes5,6, lymphopenia7,8 and T cell exhaustion9,10. To elucidate pathways in peripheral immune cells that might lead to immunopathology or protective immunity in severe COVID-19, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from seven ...
Ref: A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. [Nature medicine, 2020-06-08]RESULTS Rapid and potent humoral immune responses were induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine in all the eight test rabbits.
... enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the neutralizing antibody titers were detected with micro-cytopathic effect neutralization test. RESULTS Rapid and potent humoral immune responses were induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine in all the eight test rabbits. Titers of both specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody peaked at about six weeks after ...
Ref: Humoral immune responses in rabbits induced by an experimental inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine prepared from F69 strain. [Chinese medical journal, 2004]After 6 years, the humoral immunity continuously decreased and eventually disappeared in most infected individuals.
... The protective immunity by the time in patients after SARS-CoV natural infection was observed. After 6 years, the humoral immunity continuously decreased and eventually disappeared in most infected individuals. The IgG Ab could be an indicator of neutralizing Ab for the humoral response to SARS-CoV ...
Ref: Coronaviruses pandemics: Can neutralizing antibodies help? [Life Sci, 2020-05-22]We present here the hypothesis that the resultant immunity against prior influenza infection would, at least in part, foster immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
... of the immune performance that is shaped by the history of recent infections and/or vaccinations. We present here the hypothesis that the resultant immunity against prior influenza infection would, at least in part, foster immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is supported by which the similarity in the quality of immunity toward both ...
Ref: The possible beneficial adjuvant effect of influenza vaccine to minimize the severity of COVID-19 [Medical Hypotheses, 2020-07-31]Viral diseases can be prevented using viral vaccines, which stimulate protective immunity against the virus without causing major disease.
... Viral diseases can be prevented using viral vaccines, which stimulate protective immunity against the virus without causing major disease. While vaccination doesn"t necessarily prevent infection, the previous "priming" of the host"s immune system allows for a quick response and clearance of the virus before the disease occurs (or mild ...
Ref: Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) [Reson, 2020-06-05]SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can stimulate a pronounced immune response in the host,
... coronavirus that belongs to the β genus, causing the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19). SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can stimulate a pronounced immune response in the host, which embodies in the decrease of lymphocytes and aberrant increase of cytokines in COVID‐19 patients. ...
Ref: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐induced immune responses: friends or foes? [Scand J Immunol, 2020-05-23]few block the formation of immature B cells within lymphoid tissue that will provide antibody-mediated protection from (re)infection.
... any major long-term impact on CD8 T cells to limit protection against COVID-19. In addition, few block the formation of immature B cells within lymphoid tissue that will provide antibody-mediated protection from (re)infection. However, adjustments to dosing schedules may help de-risk the chance of infection further and reduce ...
Ref: The underpinning biology relating to multiple sclerosis disease modifying treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic [Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2020]cellular immunity requires training certain immune cells to recognize and destroy the virus.
... the body for a long time, even after the infection is cured (Igg) (58) . cellular immunity requires training certain immune cells to recognize and destroy the virus. It has been observed in SARS-cOV-2 infection that the number of cd4 + and cd8 ...
Ref: Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review) [Int J Mol Med, 2020-05-06]Adaptive and innate immune responses play an important role in fighting off invading coronavirus,
... Adaptive and innate immune responses play an important role in fighting off invading coronavirus, even though they may induce a cytokine storm, which is responsible for the immunopathological damage in patients with coronavirus infections [17] . Interestingly, while inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) is ...
Ref: Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues [Infect Dis Poverty, 2020-04-28]The family of IL-17 mediates protective innate immunity against external pathogens and plays a central role in the self-clearance of intracellular pathogens 37, 38 .
... BCG-vaccinated group, suggesting BCG vaccination may compensate for aspects of pathway dysregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The family of IL-17 mediates protective innate immunity against external pathogens and plays a central role in the self-clearance of intracellular pathogens 37, 38 . Additionally, T helper cells (Th17), which themselves produce Il-17, are known to be key players ...
Ref: Hidden in plain sight: The effects of BCG vaccination in COVID-19 pandemic [bioRxiv, 2020-06-12]Viral entry and cell infection trigger the host's immune response, and an inflammatory cascade is initiated by innate immune cells.
... described to cause SARS (SARS-CoV) (Shulla et al., 2011) , and most likely also SARS-CoV-2. Viral entry and cell infection trigger the host"s immune response, and an inflammatory cascade is initiated by innate immune cells. The receptor and signalling mechanisms actually responsible for the induction of inflammatory mediators such as ...
Ref: Trained immunity: a tool for reducing susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection [Cell, 2020-05-04]SARS-CoV-2 particles cross the lung epithelium and encounter resident alveolar macrophages and DCs.
... heightened state of inflammation and cytotoxic potential. 21 Thus, it is predicted that the pro-inflammatory state of these myeloid cell types in DS will contribute to enhanced cyto-kine production as SARS-CoV-2 particles cross the lung epithelium and encounter resident alveolar macrophages and DCs. ...
Ref: Down Syndrome and COVID-19: A Perfect Storm? [Cell Rep Med, 2020-05-19]Increasing evidence points to host Th17 inflammatory responses as contributing to the severe lung pathology and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections from coronaviruses.
... Increasing evidence points to host Th17 inflammatory responses as contributing to the severe lung pathology and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections from coronaviruses. This includes host inflammatory and cytokine responses to COVID-19 caused by the SARS-2 coronavirus (SARS CoV2). From studies conducted in laboratory animals, there are additional concerns about immune enhancement and ...
Ref: The Potential Role of Th17 Immune Responses in Coronavirus Immunopathology and Vaccine-induced Immune Enhancement [Microbes Infect, 2020-04-17]Following a virus infection, potential protective B-and T-cell epitopes are mapped.
... intervention measures along with the increase in geographical area and ongoing MERS- Epitope-based vaccine design. Following a virus infection, potential protective B-and T-cell epitopes are mapped. Peptides or proteins containing promising epitopes are produced and formulated using a suitable platform, for ...
Ref: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches [Curr Opin Virol, 2017-04-13]vaccination of dromedary camels to induce mucosal immunity could be a promising approach to diminish MERS-CoV transmission to humans.
... camels and humans) and the correlates of protection. Extending on our current knowledge of MERS, vaccination of dromedary camels to induce mucosal immunity could be a promising approach to diminish MERS-CoV transmission to humans. In addition, it is equally important to develop vaccines for humans that induce broader reactivity ...
Ref: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches [Curr Opin Virol, 2017-04-13]In patients, cellular immunity should be stimulated. Neutralizing antibodies might not be indicative for immunity.
... In patients, cellular immunity should be stimulated. Neutralizing antibodies might not be indicative for immunity. Vaccines should aim to stimulate cellular immunity COVID-19 and/or stimulate humoral immunity against viral proteins except for the immunodominant spike protein. ...
Ref: Neutralizing antibodies mediate virus-immune pathology of COVID-19. [Medical hypotheses, 2020-05-30]cross-protection against COVID-19 conferred by the encephalitis vaccine also seems to be a key parameter worthy of further investigation.
... (6)) etc., which potentially decreased fatalities in these countries compared to Italy, Spain, USA etc., cross-protection against COVID-19 conferred by the encephalitis vaccine also seems to be a key parameter worthy of further investigation. This connection is well illustrated by comparing the large number of fatalities in Italy with ...
Ref: Cross-Protection Induced by Encephalitis Vaccines against COVID-19 Might be a Reason for Relatively Lower Mortality Rate in Some Countries [Arch Acad Emerg Med, 2020-04-21]a strong humoral and T cell immune response will be instigated.
... target cells, the antigen is expressed, processed, presented and recognized by the immune system, and a strong humoral and T cell immune response will be instigated. Compared to vaccine production of whole microbes, live attenuated and subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines are ...
Ref: mRNA Vaccines: Possible Tools to Combat SARS-CoV-2 [Virol Sin, 2020-06-10]Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 should induce a strong long-lasting level of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity.
... Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 should induce a strong long-lasting level of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. A strategy combining an RNA vaccine or a replicationdeficient recombinant virus, followed by a booster with an RBD protein subunit vaccine, could help to induce a strong protective response against ...
Ref: Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines [Cureus, 2020-06-01]SARS-CoV-2 infection evokes a robust adaptive immune response of both T cell and B cell type arms (41, 42) .
... immune response occurs in natural COVID-19 and after vaccination and are antibodies neutralizing in nature? SARS-CoV-2 infection evokes a robust adaptive immune response of both T cell and B cell type arms (41, 42) . Furthermore, both IgM and IgG antibodies appear around the 10 th day of infection and ...
Ref: COVID-19 vaccines: A race against time in the middle of death and devastation! [J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2020-06-10]The characterization of the humoral immune response of these patients will elucidate the mechanism of protection
... after discharge. However, the sera of convalescent patients appear useful to treat SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The characterization of the humoral immune response of these patients will elucidate the mechanism of protection and will guide through the development of specific SARS-CoV-2 recombinant antibodies as prophylactic and therapeutic ...
Ref: Humoral Immune Responses in COVID-19 Patients: A Window on the State of the Art [Front Immunol, 2020-05-15]SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 share the potential to escape the host's immune response 6 .
... SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 share the potential to escape the host"s immune response 6 . Usually, RNAs viruses, including coronaviruses, are detected by endosomal TLR-3 and 7 and/or cytoplasmic RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5. TLR-3 and -7 promote nuclear shuttling of transcription factors NFκB and ...
Ref: COVID-19 – Considerations for the paediatric rheumatologist [Clin Immunol, 2020-04-10]Researchers have believed that an impaired immune response is due to the deficiency of a particular nutritional element.
... "anti-infective" vitamin and many of the body"s defenses against infection depend on an adequate supply. Researchers have believed that an impaired immune response is due to the deficiency of a particular nutritional element. 10 Vitamin A deficiency is strongly involved in measles and diarrhea 11 and measles can ...
Ref: cord_uid 2tu707ng Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus ... 2tu707ng Potential interventions for novel coronavirus ... Name: title, dtype: object [Clin Immunol, cord_uid 2tu707ng 2020 2tu707ng 2020-03-03 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]However, little information is available about the targets of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.
... of data and tools to understand and monitor its spread and immune responses to it. However, little information is available about the targets of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. We used the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) to catalog available data related ...
Ref: A Sequence Homology and Bioinformatic Approach Can Predict Candidate Targets for Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 [Cell Host Microbe, 2020]Humoral and cell-mediated immunity could be detected in both rhesus macaques and common marmoset following MERS-CoV immunization.
... animal model for MERS-CoV is the common marmoset, wherein the virus caused lethal pneumonia. 53 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity could be detected in both rhesus macaques and common marmoset following MERS-CoV immunization. 43 47 These hamsters are a potential model for studying CoV pathology and pathogenesis and ...
Ref: COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics [Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020-03-18]influenza vaccination itself would generate sustained immunity that overall enhance immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
... that is expected to non-specifically augment immunity against other viral infection such as SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, influenza vaccination itself would generate sustained immunity that overall enhance immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This would explain why the rate of SARS-CoV-2 in children is low since they catch ...
Ref: The possible beneficial adjuvant effect of influenza vaccine to minimize the severity of COVID-19 [Medical Hypotheses, 2020-07-31]Neutralizing antibodies to SARS CoV-1, that prevent viral infection by preventing binding of the S protein to the host cell receptor,
... mutations in coronaviruses is uncertain. In general, immune responses to coronavirus infections confer prolonged immunity. Neutralizing antibodies to SARS CoV-1, that prevent viral infection by preventing binding of the S protein to the host cell receptor, have been detected in patients with SARS almost 20 years after recovering from disease suggesting ...
Ref: How did we get here? A short history of COVID‐19 and other coronavirus‐related epidemics [Head Neck, 2020-05-23]Effective immune responses to CoV require regulated Th1 immunity for viral control and infected cell killing, followed by regulatory signaling that mediate tissue repair 54 .
... macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infections needs to be evaluated further and compared between children and adults. Effective immune responses to CoV require regulated Th1 immunity for viral control and infected cell killing, followed by regulatory signaling that mediate tissue repair 54 . Intriguingly, children A c c e p t e d M a n u s ...
Ref: Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-05-08]The best surrogate assays for protection as well as herd immunity toward different CoV infections warrant detailed investigations.
... of mucosal and systemic immune responses. The molecular mechanisms of mucosal and systemic immunological factors are different, such that it is difficult to predict the surrogate marker for CoV efficacy. The best surrogate assays for protection as well as herd immunity toward different CoV infections warrant detailed investigations. ...
Ref: COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics [Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020-03-18]Infection with SARS-CoV-2 additionally induces de novo antibody responses to variable domains unique to this virus, specifically S1.
... HCoVs elicits humoral immunity that cross-reacts with conserved protein domains in other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 additionally induces de novo antibody responses to variable domains unique to this virus, specifically S1. Consistent with this model, SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive class-switched antibodies were detected by FACS concurrently with IgM ...
Ref: Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans [bioRxiv, 2020-05-15]To mount an antiviral response, the innate immune system recognizes molecular structures that are produced by the invasion of the virus.
... mild or asymptomatic, 15% are severe, requiring oxygen, and 5% are critical infections, requiring ventilation. To mount an antiviral response, the innate immune system recognizes molecular structures that are produced by the invasion of the virus. COVID-19 infection induces IgG antibodies against N protein that can be detected by serum as ...
Ref: Immune responses and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during an outbreak in Iran: Comparison with SARS and MERS [Rev Med Virol, 2020]SARS-CoV-2 could impair the immune response,
... could also explain the lengthy asymptomatic period prior to presentation of symptoms characteristic of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 could impair the immune response, at first, and then, over time, the immune system could begin to mount an attack ...
Ref: Pathogenic priming likely contributes to serious and critical illness and mortality in COVID-19 via autoimmunity [Journal of Translational Autoimmunity, 2020-12-31]Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.
... Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed. Studies show that the viral RNA of 2019-nCoV reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10 ...
Ref: Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids [Int Immunopharmacol, 2020-05-08]The immune responses of recovering and convalescent SARS patients provide the most important measure of immunity to SARS vaccine design.
... The immune responses of recovering and convalescent SARS patients provide the most important measure of immunity to SARS vaccine design. The immune responses of these patients should be used to direct the development of the vaccine. ...
Ref: How the SARS vaccine effort can learn from HIV—speeding towards the future, learning from the past [Vaccine, 2003-10-01]excessive inflammatory innate response and impaired adaptive host immune defense may lead to tissue damage both at the site of virus entry and at systemic level.
... a rapid and well-coordinated immune response represents the first line of defense against viral infection, excessive inflammatory innate response and impaired adaptive host immune defense may lead to tissue damage both at the site of virus entry and at systemic level. Several studies highlight relevant changes occurring both in innate and adaptive immune system in COVID-19 ...
Ref: Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 [Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020]Vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses,
... different forms of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. Vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers comparable to those found in convalescent humans and macaques infected with ...
Ref: DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques [Science (Wash.), 2020]Trained immunity is a type of non-specific memory-like immune response induced by some pathogens and vaccines,
... Trained immunity is a type of non-specific memory-like immune response induced by some pathogens and vaccines, such as BCG, which can confer antigen-independent protection against a wide variety of pathogens. The BCG vaccine has been extensively used to protect against tuberculosis for almost a 100 years. ...
Ref: Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2? [Front Immunol, 2020-05-08]The innate immune system constitutes the primary line of defense against the invading viruses.
... associated with severe immune responses, which may eventually lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The innate immune system constitutes the primary line of defense against the invading viruses. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), represented by the viral RNA or dsRNA formed during viral ...
Ref: Highlight of Immune Pathogenic Response and Hematopathologic Effect in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-Cov-2 Infection [Front Immunol, 2020-05-12]Most viruses induce cell-mediated immune responses as well as humoral immunity.
... Most viruses induce cell-mediated immune responses as well as humoral immunity. The main cells involved in cellular immune response include CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells. The virus activates primary CD4+T cells which are involved in cell-mediated immune response. CD8+T cells kill ...
Ref: cord_uid rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... rpq62xhl Reflection on lower rates of COVID-19 in child... Name: title, dtype: object [Front Immunol, cord_uid rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 rpq62xhl 2020-05-15 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses,
... development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting "lung crash" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and ...
Ref: SARS - CoV-2: Reasons of epidemiology of severe ill disease cases and therapeutic approach using trivalent vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria and Bordetella pertussis) [Med Hypotheses, 2020]The mechanisms of immune enhancement from SARS vaccinations are still not well understood.
The mechanisms of immune enhancement from SARS vaccinations are still not well understood.
Ref: The Potential Role of Th17 Immune Responses in Coronavirus Immunopathology and Vaccine-induced Immune Enhancement [Microbes Infect, 2020-04-17]Human body has two types of immunity called type 1 or type 2 immunity
... Human body has two types of immunity called type 1 or type 2 immunity invoked through Th1 cells and Th2 cells to rationalize virtually all the known patterns of immune response. Th1 cells are known to be induced by intracellular pathogens like Mycobacteria, Salmonella, ...
Ref: Is Immuno-modulation the Key to COVID-19 Pandemic? [Indian J Orthop, 2020-04-27]