¿Qué drogas han sido efectivas contra el SARS-CoV o el SARS-CoV-2 en estudios con animales

(What drugs have been active against sars-cov or sars-cov-2 in animal studies?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

Our study provides insights into the animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and animal management for COVID-19 control.

pegylated interferon (12) .

remdesivir, an antiviral drug, was examined [10] .

roxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or).

An approved TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor drug is able to block SARS-CoV-2 cell entry [35] ,

Our study provides insights into the animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and animal management for COVID-19 control.

... humans to SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection. Additionally, cats are susceptible to airborne transmission. Our study provides insights into the animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and animal management for COVID-19 control. ...

Ref: Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2 [Science, 2020]

pegylated interferon (12) .

... the evaluation and licensure of preventive and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection for use in humans, as well as evaluating the efficacy of repurposing species specific existing treatments, such as pegylated interferon (12) . ...

Ref: Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model [Science, 2020-04-17]

remdesivir, an antiviral drug, was examined [10] .

... presence of an antibody response against the virus. Using this monkey model, the efficacy of remdesivir, an antiviral drug, was examined [10] . Recovery in remdesivir-treated animals was significantly better than that in control animals. Only one of ...

Ref: COVID-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic- and reverse-zoonotic transmissions [J Vet Sci, 2020-05-22]

roxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or).

The pulmonary surfactant-biomimetic nanoparticles used to potentiate heterosubtypic 152 influenza immunity can be used as adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of 153 SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines [33] . roxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or).

Ref: Current development of COVID-19 diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics [Microbes Infect, 2020-05-06]

An approved TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor drug is able to block SARS-CoV-2 cell entry [35] ,

... which revealed its binding site to be adjacent to these two cleavage sites [33] . An approved TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor drug is able to block SARS-CoV-2 cell entry [35] , which demonstrates the key role of TMPRSS2 alongside ACE2 [36] . As such, both ACE2 ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from a broad range of mammals [bioRxiv, 2020-06-12]

Human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been identified as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2.

... The lack of vaccine and antivirals has brought an urgent need for an animal model. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been identified as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we generated a mouse model expressing human ACE2 (hACE2) by using CRISPR/Cas9 ...

Ref: A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis [Cell host microbe, 2020]

chloroquine and remdesivir to treat COVID-19 patients.

... economic burden. With no clear remedies to treat the disease, doctors are repurposing drugs like chloroquine and remdesivir to treat COVID-19 patients. In parallel, research institutes in collaboration with biotech companies have identified strategies to use viral ...

Ref: Current global vaccine and drug efforts against COVID-19: Pros and cons of bypassing animal trials [J Biosci, 2020-06-12]

chloroquine which has been demonstrated able to inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro,

... antiviral effects, risk of toxicity and adverse effects might limit their further translation. For example, chloroquine which has been demonstrated able to inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, but showed no significant therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV in mice model [73] . Other therapy ...

Ref: Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020-05-13]

SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor to enter host cells in a species-dependent manner.

... with its host receptor is a key genetic determinant of host range and cross-species transmission. SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor to enter host cells in a species-dependent manner. It has been shown that human, palm civet, pig and bat ACE2 can support virus ...

Ref: Functional and Genetic Analysis of Viral Receptor ACE2 Orthologs Reveals a Broad Potential Host Range of SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-05-03]

These reagents and assays will accelerate COVID-19 pathogenesis studies in humans and in COVID-19 animal models.

... SARS-CoV-2 RNA (a replicative intermediate indicating viral replication). Finally, we developed a dual staining assay using IHC and ISH to detect SARS-CoV-2 antigen and RNA in the same FFPE section. These reagents and assays will accelerate COVID-19 pathogenesis studies in humans and in COVID-19 animal models. ...

Ref: Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in formalin fixed paraffin embedded specimens. [JCI insight, 2020-05-07]

Repurposed drugs such as lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon-1β possess in vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity.

... and also well-established dosing regimens. 4 Repurposed drugs are potential therapeutic options managing CoV infections. Repurposed drugs such as lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon-1β possess in vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity. The in vivo study conducted in common marmosets (non-human primate model) showed that animals treated ...

Ref: COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics [Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020-03-18]

Antiviral drugs, immunotherapy and vaccines against SARS will have to be evaluated in animal models,

... reasons for continued global interest in the development of measures to prevent and control SARS. Antiviral drugs, immunotherapy and vaccines against SARS will have to be evaluated in animal models, and a rational selection of an appropriate model for these studies will depend on a ...

Ref: Is there an ideal animal model for SARS? [Trends in Microbiology, 2006-07-31]

bat and pangolin

... as cytokine storm, immunopathogenic damages, tropism of SARS-CoV-2, and other sources of SARS-CoV-2 infection besides bat and pangolin that are regarded as the origin of SARS-CoV-2 [2] [3] [4] . From these points ...

Ref: Susceptibility of tree shrew to SARS-CoV-2 infection [bioRxiv, 2020-04-30]

anti-S1 and anti-S2 IgGs were able to 304 abolish the binding between S protein and its cellular receptor(s),

... S protein and its trimer of recombinant S1 or S2 proteins, respectively, and found that anti-S1 and anti-S2 IgGs were able to 304 abolish the binding between S protein and its cellular receptor(s), although anti-S1 IgG showed a 305 significantly higher blocking efficiency (106) . As shown in ...

Ref: From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development [Microbes Infect, 2020-05-11]

ketamine(200mg/kg) and xylazine(10mg/kg) 8 anaesthesia.

... Medium(DMEM) containing 10 5 plaque-forming units in 100µl of SARS-CoV-2 was intranasally inoculated under intraperitoneal ketamine(200mg/kg) and xylazine(10mg/kg) 8 anaesthesia. Mock-infected animals were challenged with 100ul of PBS. Animals were monitored twice daily for clinical ...

Ref: Simulation of the clinical and pathological manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in golden Syrian hamster model: implications for disease pathogenesis and transmissibility [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-03-26]

Glu 166 , and one fluorine interactions with Thr 26 ( Figure 3B , upper panel).

... Glu 166 , and one fluorine interactions with Thr 26 ( Figure 3B , upper panel). Besides, both drugs fit well into the deep cavity of the M pro binding pocket to hinder the substrate accessibility thus inhibition of enzyme activity. Both drugs share a similar ...

Ref: Glecaprevir and Maraviroc are high-affinity inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: possible implication in COVID-19 therapy [Biosci Rep, 2020-06-02]

camostat [17] .

... to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and could evaluate anti-viral effects of COVID-19 candidate therapeutic compounds including camostat [17] . Besides the lung damage caused by pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 affects several organs like the kidney [14] ...

Ref: cord_uid e16lln3f and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 research e16lln3f In vitro and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 rese... Name: title, dtype: object [Biosci Rep, cord_uid e16lln3f 2020 e16lln3f 2020-05-30 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

Remdesivir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, and Oseltamivir significantly blocked the COVID-19 infection in infected patients.

... evaluated either alone or in combinations to treat COVID-19 patients, mice models, and clinical isolates. Remdesivir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, and Oseltamivir significantly blocked the COVID-19 infection in infected patients. It can be cocluded that the homologus recombination event at the S protein of RBD ...

Ref: COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses [J Adv Res, 2020-03-16]

doctors are repurposing drugs like chloroquine and remdesivir to treat COVID-19 patients.

... health concern, along with huge economic burden. With no clear remedies to treat the disease, doctors are repurposing drugs like chloroquine and remdesivir to treat COVID-19 patients. In parallel, research institutes in collaboration with biotech companies have identified strategies to use viral ...

Ref: Current global vaccine and drug efforts against COVID-19: Pros and cons of bypassing animal trials [J Biosci, 2020-06-12]

While some animal models for such studies are under development, most of the research is carried out in the Vero E6 cells.

... biology and to rapidly assess the potential of existing drugs and develop new active compounds. While some animal models for such studies are under development, most of the research is carried out in the Vero E6 cells. Here, we propose fully differentiated human airway epithelium cultures as a model for studies on ...

Ref: Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory epithelium. [Journal of virology, 2020-05-20]

Recombinant RBD and soluble ACE2 proteins have been shown to potently block SARS-CoV-1 89 entry 20,21 .

... CoV-1 88 Recombinant RBD and soluble ACE2 proteins have been shown to potently block SARS-CoV-1 89 entry 20,21 . To investigate whether similar approaches could also be applied to SARS-CoV-2, we first 90 produced IgG Fc fusion proteins of RBD (RBD-Fc) and soluble ACE2 (ACE2-Fc) variants (Fig. ...

Ref: Potential host range of multiple SARS-like coronaviruses and an improved ACE2-Fc variant that is potent against both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 [bioRxiv, 2020-04-11]

peg-IFN-l1

... evaluate vaccine and therapeutic drug efficacy in standard laboratory mice. In addition, we show that peg-IFN-l1 exerts potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and can diminish virus replication in vivo ...

Ref: A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model for the evaluation of COVID-19 medical countermeasures [bioRxiv, 2020-05-07]

Chloroquine is a potent drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection that increases endosomal pH and also blocks the cathepsin function,

... ACE2 are critical in SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus, employing them can help to develop antiviral agents. Chloroquine is a potent drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection that increases endosomal pH and also blocks the cathepsin function, moreover, chloroquine can interfere with the virus cell binding [16] . Therefore, TMPRSS2 may be ...

Ref: Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [bioRxiv, 2020-05-20]

chloroquine

Ref: Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020-05-13]

human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

... of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described using macaques, cats, ferrets, hamsters, and transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). These infection models have already been useful for studies of transmission and immunity, but to ...

Ref: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathology [Br. j. pharmacol, 2020]

Mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride

... hPSC-derived COs in a high throughput platform to screen 1280 FDA-approved drugs against viral infection. Mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride were found to block the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-entry virus in COs both in vitro ...

Ref: Identification of Drugs Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Infection using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Colonic Organoids [bioRxiv, 2020-05-02]

antiviral drugs, vaccines and immunotherapy were not available.

... 2003 was controlled by public health measures at a time when specific interventions such as antiviral drugs, vaccines and immunotherapy were not available. Since then, several animal models have been developed for the study of SARS and, although ...

Ref: Is there an ideal animal model for SARS? [Trends in Microbiology, 2006-07-31]

Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS-CoV spike protein are highly efficacious in prophylaxis.

... for current SARS animal models, much is now known about generating protection against SARS-CoV infection. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS-CoV spike protein are highly efficacious in prophylaxis. Although concerns regarding potential enhancement of disease in previously vaccinated animals are being addressed experimentally, ...

Ref: Animal Models and Vaccines for SARS-CoV Infection [Virus Research, 2008-04-01]

Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir

... been approved for use against various viruses. KEY FINDINGS: The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the ...

Ref: Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): A molecular docking study [Life Sci, 2020]

ferrets represent an infection and transmission animal model of COVID-19 that may facilitate development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and vaccines.

... indirect contact ferrets were positive for viral RNA, suggesting airborne transmission. Viral antigens were detected in nasal turbinate, trachea, lungs, and intestine with acute bronchiolitis present in infected lungs. Thus, ferrets represent an infection and transmission animal model of COVID-19 that may facilitate development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and vaccines. ...

Ref: Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets [Cell Host Microbe, 2020]

pangolin

... The results showed that no SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were detected in above species of animals including pangolin which has been reported as an intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 (Kangpeng Xiao, 2020) . More ...

Ref: Serological survey of SARS‐CoV‐2 for experimental, domestic, companion and wild animals excludes intermediate hosts of 35 different species of animals [Transbound Emerg Dis, 2020-05-07]

Attractive antiviral compounds include protease inhibitors [10] , which deactivate membrane fusion triggering and suppress virus entry.

... S1A, possibly preventing alternative attachment to distinct receptors; and (d) binding S2, arresting membrane fusion. Attractive antiviral compounds include protease inhibitors [10] , which deactivate membrane fusion triggering and suppress virus entry. This figure was created using BioRender (https://biorender.com/). which, although relying on a distinct dipeptidyl peptidase ...

Ref: SARS Coronavirus Redux [Trends Immunol, 2020-03-12]

One of the structural proteins, the spike surface glycoprotein ('spike glycoprotein'), is one of the primary therapeutic targets.

... so-called structural proteins such as spike glycoproteins, an envelope protein, membrane proteins, and the nucleocapsid. One of the structural proteins, the spike surface glycoprotein ("spike glycoprotein"), is one of the primary therapeutic targets. This protein plays an important role in binding to receptors on the host cell, fusion ...

Ref: SARS‐CoV‐2: Structural diversity, phylogeny, and potential animal host identification of spike glycoprotein [J Med Virol, 2020-05-17]

All patient sera reacted strongly with the S1 subunit and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV,

... analyzed 20 convalescent serum samples collected from SARS-CoV infected individuals during the 2003 SARS outbreak. All patient sera reacted strongly with the S1 subunit and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV, cross-reacted with the S ectodomain, S1, RBD, and S2 proteins of SARS-CoV-2, and neutralized both ...

Ref: Cross-reactive neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by serum antibodies from recovered SARS patients and immunized animals [bioRxiv, 2020-04-21]

CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness

... Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons ...

Ref: First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 [MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020]

Clinical entities such as conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuritis have been documented in feline and murine models.

... been widely studied. However, CoVs have been known to cause various ocular infections in animals. Clinical entities such as conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuritis have been documented in feline and murine models. In this article, the current evidence suggesting possible human CoV infection of ocular tissue is ...

Ref: Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals [Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2020]

We preincubated SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV with 80 μg/mL recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2

... We preincubated SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV with 80 μg/mL recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 1 h. We added the mixture to VeroE6 cells for 30 min. Subsequently, we washed cells and incubated them with fresh medium for 4 ...

Ref: Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study [The Lancet Microbe, 2020-04-21]

antiviral drug development 12, 13, 14, 20 .

Here we used the fully differentiated epithelium cultures to study the infection with the science, but also the antiviral drug development 12, 13, 14, 20 .

Ref: Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory epithelium [bioRxiv, 2020-03-21]

anti-IL-1α mAbs, p38 inhibitor, and JAK inhibitor partially relieved CSS.

... We investigated mAbs and inhibitors which potentially neutralize the pro-inflammatory phenotype from COVID-19, and find that anti-IL-1α mAbs, p38 inhibitor, and JAK inhibitor partially relieved CSS. Besides, inhibitors of p38, ERK, and MPO somewhat reduced neutrophilic alveolitis in the lung. ...

Ref: Molecular mechanism of SARS-Cov-2 components caused ARDS in murine model [bioRxiv, 2020-06-11]

Remdesivir is a drug that has recently been shown to possess activity against MERS-CoV [47] .

... Remdesivir is a drug that has recently been shown to possess activity against MERS-CoV [47] . An effective result was reported when remdesivir was used in the treatment of a patient with COVID-19 [33] . This would suggest that strategies similar to those used in the ...

Ref: Novel Coronavirus: Current Understanding of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options [Pathogens, 2020-04-17]

The extent of admixed isolates of Bat-CoVs observed in population diversification studies

... reservoirs harboring virus ensembles that are responsible for zoonotic spillovers such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The extent of admixed isolates of Bat-CoVs observed in population diversification studies underline the need for periodic surveillance of bats and other animal reservoirs for potential spillovers ...

Ref: Understanding evolution of SARS-CoV-2: A perspective from analysis of genetic diversity of RdRp gene [J. med. virol, 2020]

Remdesivir and chloroquine were found highly effective in vitro for the control of 2019-nCoV infection (44) .

... against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV but have not been tested widely for the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir and chloroquine were found highly effective in vitro for the control of 2019-nCoV infection (44) . Treatment with remdesivir alone or in combination with chloroquine or interferon beta was found effective ...

Ref: Emergence of a Novel Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Biology and Therapeutic Options [J Clin Microbiol, 2020-04-23]

angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

... SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described using macaques, cats, ferrets, hamsters, and transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). These infection models have already been useful for studies of transmission and immunity, but to ...

Ref: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathology [Br. j. pharmacol, 2020]

Pre-clinical responses to fast-moving infectious disease outbreaks heavily depend on choosing the best isolates for animal models that inform diagnostics, vaccines and treatments.

... Pre-clinical responses to fast-moving infectious disease outbreaks heavily depend on choosing the best isolates for animal models that inform diagnostics, vaccines and treatments. Current approaches are driven by practical considerations (e.g. first available virus isolate) rather than a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the virus strain chosen, which can lead to animal ...

Ref: Supporting pandemic response using genomics and bioinformatics: A case study on the emergent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak [Br. j. pharmacol, 2020]

lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon-1β possess in vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity.

... regimens. 4 Repurposed drugs are potential therapeutic options managing CoV infections. Repurposed drugs such as lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon-1β possess in vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity. The in vivo study conducted in common marmosets (non-human primate model) showed that animals treated ...

Ref: COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics [Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2020-03-18]

CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2,

... On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, ...

Ref: First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 [MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020]

Human Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been identified as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2.

... emergency. The lack of vaccine and antivirals has brought an urgent need for animal model. Human Angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been identified as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we generated a mouse model expressing human ACE2 (hACE2) using CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in ...

Ref: A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-05-27]

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleotide analog prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2,

... can guide the search for effective treatments by ruling out treatments without in vivo efficacy. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleotide analog prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2, that is currently investigated in COVID-19 clinical trials and recently received Emergency Use Authorization from ...

Ref: Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. [Nature, 2020-06-09]

no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.

... signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay. These original data can serve a better evaluation of the host range of SARS-CoV-2 in ...

Ref: Absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in close contact with a cluster of COVID-19 patients in a veterinary campus [bioRxiv, 2020-04-09]

We preincubated SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV with 80 μg/mL recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

chloroquine and remdesivir

... prophylaxis of this virus (Boopathi et al., 2020; Elmezayen et al., 2020) . For example, chloroquine and remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734) are two drugs that in vitro studies have suggested that they can inhibit ...

Ref: Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase [J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020-05-20]

peg-IFN-l1 exerts potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

... this model to rapidly evaluate vaccine and therapeutic drug efficacy in standard laboratory mice. In addition, we show that peg-IFN-l1 exerts potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and can diminish virus replication in vivo even when given therapeutically. ...

Ref: A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model for the evaluation of COVID-19 medical countermeasures [bioRxiv, 2020-05-07]

Chloroquine is a potent drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Ref: Comparison of the COVID-2019 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [bioRxiv, 2020-05-20]

Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) anesthetization with sodium pentobarbital,

... BALB/c mice at 6 weeks old and 9 months old were maintained in a pathogen-free facility and housed in cages containing sterilized feed and drinking water. Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) anesthetization with sodium pentobarbital, all mice were i.n. ...

Ref: Rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice: Novel mouse model for vaccine efficacy [bioRxiv, 2020-05-02]

veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals,

... still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we ...

Ref: Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses [Vet Microbiol, 2020]

At the indicated time points in Figure 1A , we anaesthetized animals with ketamine and performed the following experimental procedures.

... 4.75ml of 10 6 pfu/ml SARS-CoV-2 intratracheally (4ml), intranasally (0.5ml) and on conjunctiva (0.25ml), new world monkeys with 1.0ml intranasally. Animals were daily checked for clinical sign and body temperature. At the indicated time points in Figure 1A , we anaesthetized animals with ketamine and performed the following experimental procedures. ...

Ref: Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 infections among 3 species of non-human primates [bioRxiv, 2020-04-11]

human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), was considered as a receptor candidate for SARS-CoV-2 .

... homology with SARS-CoV (79% homology) than with MERS-CoV (50% homology), the entry receptor for SARS-CoV, human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), was considered as a receptor candidate for SARS-CoV-2 . Correspondingly, Bao et al. (2020) reported weight loss and virus replication in lungs of hACE2 ...

Ref: Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-04-06]

Some studies have generated mice transfected with human ACE2 as the models to study SARS-CoV [20] ,

... cannot interact with SARS-CoV-2, so it cannot be used as animal model of SARS-CoV-2 directly. Some studies have generated mice transfected with human ACE2 as the models to study SARS-CoV [20] , and these mice can also be used as animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, we ...

Ref: Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection [Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020-03-19]

lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir

... to identify potential antiviral candidates for human trials. To this end, the antiviral efficacies of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir for SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in the ferret infection model. While the lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, ...

Ref: Antiviral Efficacies of FDA-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ferrets [mBio (Online), 2020]

The CoV spike glycoprotein, by which SARS-CoV-2 binds to cell membranes, binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

... unify these pathogens is that all require angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a cell entry receptor. The CoV spike glycoprotein, by which SARS-CoV-2 binds to cell membranes, binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 with a higher affinity compared with SARS-CoV. The expression of this receptor in neurons and ...

Ref: Does SARS-Cov-2 invade the brain? Translational lessons from animal models [Eur. j. neurol, 2020]

Remdesivir, Chloroquine, and Ritonavir,

... Chinese Academy of Sciences and Toxic Drug Research Institute jointly found that three drugs, including Remdesivir, Chloroquine, and Ritonavir, inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro [75, 76] . In addition, in 2017, Zhang"s ...

Ref: Initial success in the identification and management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indicates human-to-human transmission in Wuhan, China [Int J Biol Sci, 2020-04-06]

Favipiravir, Nitazoxanide, Ribavirin, Baricitinib, Penciclovir, Ritonavir and Arbidol

... Several other anti-virals drugs are currently being evaluated against infection. Moderate results were exhibited by Favipiravir, Nitazoxanide, Ribavirin, Baricitinib, Penciclovir, Ritonavir and Arbidol when tested against infection in vitro clinical isolates and in patients [44] . Many other ...

Ref: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a pandemic (epidemiology, pathogenesis and potential therapeutics) [New Microbes New Infect, 2020-04-14]

An anti-helminthic drug, Niclosamide, and a corticosteroid used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis, Ciclesonide,

... Consequently, 24 drugs showed good activities with IC 50 ranges of 0.1 to 10 μM. An anti-helminthic drug, Niclosamide, and a corticosteroid used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis, Ciclesonide, emerged as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with IC 50 of 0.28 μM and 4.33 μM, respectively. Notably, ...

Ref: Fight against novel coronavirus: A perspective of medicinal chemists [Eur J Med Chem, 2020-06-12]

lopinavir (LPV), a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor,

... Drug Administration (FDA) have been evaluated for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. For example, lopinavir (LPV), a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor, was combined with ritonavir (RTV) to increase the LPV half-life. The combination of LPV and ...

Ref: Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus [Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020-04-21]

Lopinavir and/or ritonavir has anti coronavirus activity in vitro.

... one kind of protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection, with ritonavir as a booster. Lopinavir and/or ritonavir has anti coronavirus activity in vitro. Hong Kong scholars found that, compared with ribavirin alone, patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin ...

Ref: Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV [Viruses, 2020-02-22]

2,5,6 In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.

... and Drug Administration3,4. In animal models, remdesivir treatment was effective against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection. 2,5,6 In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2. 7,8 Here, we investigated the efficacy of remdesivir treatment in a rhesus macaque model of ...

Ref: Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. [Nature, 2020-06-09]

hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a drug of interest for COVID-19 management, in two animal models.

... a deficiency of supportive preclinical drug efficacy studies. Here we assessed the prophylactic/therapeutic efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a drug of interest for COVID-19 management, in two animal models. When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine Proves Ineffective in Hamsters and Macaques Infected with SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-06-11]

Remdesivir is the first antiviral treatment with proven efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in an animal model of COVID-19.

... Remdesivir is the first antiviral treatment with proven efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in an animal model of COVID-19. Remdesivir treatment in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 was highly effective in reducing clinical disease and damage to the lungs. The remdesivir dosing used in rhesus macaques is equivalent to ...

Ref: Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-04-22]

bats,

... SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%). DISCUSSION A considerable proportion of infected animals ...

Ref: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infections in animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. [Le infezioni in medicina, 2020-06-01]

As with a number of zoonotic pathogens, there is a risk of spillover into novel hosts.

... the current outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is of animal origin. As with a number of zoonotic pathogens, there is a risk of spillover into novel hosts. Here, we propose a hypothesized conceptual model that illustrates the mechanism whereby the SARS-CoV-2 could ...

Ref: Spillover of SARS-CoV-2 into novel wild hosts in North America: A conceptual model for perpetuation of the pathogen [Sci Total Environ, 2020]

human monoclonal antibodies isolated from immortalized B cells from a recovered patient, phage display library, or transgenic mice with active human immunoglobulin genes,

... This finding was confirmed in a series of independent studies in which human monoclonal antibodies isolated from immortalized B cells from a recovered patient, phage display library, or transgenic mice with active human immunoglobulin genes, administered to mice or hamsters protected them from subsequent challenge infection (representative reference, Traggiai et al., 2004) . ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-05-13]

These feline cases originated from separate households and were epidemiologically linked to suspected or confirmed human COVID-19 cases in their respective households.

... the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide. These feline cases originated from separate households and were epidemiologically linked to suspected or confirmed human COVID-19 cases in their respective households. Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and ...

Ref: First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 [MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2020]

Ferrets were challenged intranasally with 1ml of Victoria/1/2020 26 119 SARS-CoV-2

... Study Design. Ferrets were challenged intranasally with 1ml of Victoria/1/2020 26 119 SARS-CoV-2 at three different titres representing a high, medium and low dose (Table 120 1). A high titre stock of challenge virus was prepared (passage 3), and quality control ...

Ref: Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model: evidence of protection to re-challenge [bioRxiv, 2020-05-29]

auranofin, inhibits SARS-COV-2 replication in human cells at low micro molar concentration.

... recently emerged as a new public health threat. Herein, we report that the FDA-approved drug, auranofin, inhibits SARS-COV-2 replication in human cells at low micro molar concentration. Treatment of cells with auranofin resulted in a 95% reduction in the viral RNA at ...

Ref: The FDA-approved gold drug auranofin inhibits novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) replication and attenuates inflammation in human cells [Virology, 2020]

investigational and approved nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitors have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

... broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitors as anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting its main RNA polymerase, suggesting that investigational and approved nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitors have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. However, we note that it is also possible for SARS-CoV-2 to evolve and acquire drug ...

Ref: Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs [Virology, 2020]

IFN-αn1/n3, leukocytic IFN-α, IFN-β and the HIV protease inhibitors

... (IFN)-β1b, IFN-α2 and ribavirin 106,109-111 probably relate to differences in the testing methods used. Overall, IFN-αn1/n3, leukocytic IFN-α, IFN-β and the HIV protease inhibitors (especially nelfinavir) are consistently active in vitro and should be considered for animal studies and ...

Ref: Severe acute respiratory syndrome [Nat Med, 2004-11-30]

antiviral and adjunctive therapies currently being tested or that require testing in animal models and randomized clinical trials.

... models for testing of antiviral therapies and randomized clinical trials. In the present narrative, we review SARS-CoV-2 virology, clinical features, pathophysiology, and animal models with a specific focus on the antiviral and adjunctive therapies currently being tested or that require testing in animal models and randomized clinical trials. ...

Ref: A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Virology, Pathophysiology, Animal Models, and Anti-Viral Interventions. [Pathogens, 2020-05-29]

We showed that passive transfer of a nAb provides protection against disease in high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters,

... the receptor binding domain (RBD) and to distinct non-RBD epitopes on the spike (S) protein. We showed that passive transfer of a nAb provides protection against disease in high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters, as revealed by maintained weight and low lung viral titers in treated animals. The study ...

Ref: Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model. [Science, 2020-06-15]

26 vaccines and antivirals 2 .

... by SARS-CoV-25 2, requires suitable small animal models, as does the development and evaluation of 26 vaccines and antivirals 2 . Because age-dependent differences of COVID-19 were identified 27 in humans 3 , we compared the ...

Ref: Age-dependent progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamsters [bioRxiv, 2020-06-10]

expressing human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

... studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described using macaques, cats, ferrets, hamsters, and transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). These infection models have already been useful for studies of transmission and immunity, but to ...

Ref: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathology [Br. j. pharmacol, 2020]

Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) were used as a positive control, and complete medium only as the negative control.

... Cell Stain kit; Invitrogen, L34955), APC-Cy7 anti-mouse CD3e (1:100), and BV605 anti-mouse IFN-γ (1:75) (eBiosciences). Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) were used as a positive control, and complete medium only as the negative control. Cells were washed, fixed and, cell events were acquired using an FACS CANTO (BD Biosciences), ...

Ref: Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19 [Nat Commun, 2020-05-20]

coronavirus vaccines and antiviral drugs are not yet available.

... barrier. Despite the severe disease and high case fatality rate associated with SARS and MERS, coronavirus vaccines and antiviral drugs are not yet available. Animal models are needed for pathogenesis studies as well as for evaluation of vaccines and ...

Ref: Animal models for SARS and MERS coronaviruses [Current Opinion in Virology, 2015-08-01]

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2,

... used to determine the relative binding affinities of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for its receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2, a critical initiating event for SARS-CoV-2 infection, across multiple common and exotic animal species. [25] ...

Ref: In silico comparison of spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species; significance for the possible origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [Current Opinion in Virology, 2020-05-13]

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019 and caused the pandemic respiratory disease, COVID-191,2.

... SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019 and caused the pandemic respiratory disease, COVID-191,2. In 2003, the closely related SARS-CoV had been detected in domestic cats and a dog3. However, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to SARS-CoV-2. Two out ...

Ref: Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2 [Nature (Lond.), 2020]

Pharmacologic inhibitors of STAT1 are available (Miklossy et al., 2013) ,

... SARS-CoV mouse infection model into one resulting in 100% mortality (Frieman et al., 2010) . Pharmacologic inhibitors of STAT1 are available (Miklossy et al., 2013) , and may be useful in the rapid development of animal models with deficiencies in protective ...

Ref: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 pathology [Br J Pharmacol, 2020-05-27]

Five 3-month-old beagles were intranasally inoculated with 10 5 PFU of CTan-H,

... We next investigated the replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs. Five 3-month-old beagles were intranasally inoculated with 10 5 PFU of CTan-H, and housed with two uninoculated beagles in a room. Oropharyngeal and rectal swabs from each beagle were collected on ...

Ref: Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2 [Science, 2020-04-08]

Several research lines are currently ongoing to address the multitude of facets of the pandemic COVID-19.

... Several research lines are currently ongoing to address the multitude of facets of the pandemic COVID-19. In line with the One-Health concept, extending the target of the studies to the animals which humans are continuously interacting with may favor a better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 biology ...

Ref: Comparative computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein epitopes in taxonomically related coronaviruses [Microbres infect, 2020]

Using this monkey model, the efficacy of remdesivir, an antiviral drug, was examined [10] .

... analysis. This monkey study also showed the presence of an antibody response against the virus. Using this monkey model, the efficacy of remdesivir, an antiviral drug, was examined [10] . Recovery in remdesivir-treated animals was significantly better than that in control animals. Only one of ...

Ref: COVID-19 and veterinarians for one health, zoonotic- and reverse-zoonotic transmissions [J Vet Sci, 2020-05-22]

angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine [12] .

... In humans, airway epithelial cells highly express the putative SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine [12] . They reported that the viral RNA copies in the culture supernatants of these cells were >100 times higher ...

Ref: cord_uid e16lln3f and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 research e16lln3f In vitro and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 rese... Name: title, dtype: object [J Vet Sci, cord_uid e16lln3f 2020 e16lln3f 2020-05-30 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

This study provides guidance for intervention strategies that target receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2.

... closely related to SARS-CoV-2, also uses human ACE2 as its receptor. The differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and RaTG13 in ACE2 recognition shed light on the potential animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study provides guidance for intervention strategies that target receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. ...

Ref: Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2 [Nature, 2020]

angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),

... key atomic-level interactions between the SARS-CoV spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV. Here, we analyzed the potential ...

Ref: Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus [J. virol, 2020]

Regulations also need to be formulated to restrict the domestication as well as consumption of wild animals.

... the tipping point as per a large number of studies. It is important to understand viral dynamics so that future outbreaks can be avoided by active surveillance for these viruses. Regulations also need to be formulated to restrict the domestication as well as consumption of wild animals. ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2: Camazotz's Curse [Med J Armed Forces India, 2020-04-27]

Recent studies have pointed to pangolins as the natural host of the virus,

... likely transmitted to humans through some small carnivores like civet, the intermediate host of SARS-CoV. Recent studies have pointed to pangolins as the natural host of the virus, while minks being the possible intermediate host [8] [9] [10] . Virus tracing has thus ...

Ref: Atlas of ACE2 gene expression in mammals reveals novel insights in transmisson of SARS-Cov-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-03-31]

Remdesivir inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in tissue cultures,

... remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleotide analog prodrug currently in clinical trials for treating Ebola virus infections. Remdesivir inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in tissue cultures, and it displayed efficacy in nonhuman animal models. In addition, a combination of the human ...

Ref: Compounds with Therapeutic Potential against Novel Respiratory 2019 Coronavirus [bioRxiv, 2020]

At the indicated time points in Figure 1A , we anaesthetized animals with ketamine

... intratracheally (4ml), intranasally (0.5ml) and on conjunctiva (0.25ml), new world monkeys with 1.0ml intranasally. Animals were daily checked for clinical sign and body temperature. At the indicated time points in Figure 1A , we anaesthetized animals with ketamine and performed the following experimental procedures. ...

Ref: Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 infections among 3 species of non-human primates [bioRxiv, 2020-04-11]

Here we developed a pilot-scale production of a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate (PiCoVacc),

... novelty of the virus. Hence, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Here we developed a pilot-scale production of a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate (PiCoVacc), which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats and non-human primates. These antibodies neutralized 10 ...

Ref: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 [Science, 2020-05-06]

camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both;

... (NAAT). This essential condition highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission. ...

Ref: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infections in animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies [Infez Med, 2020]

Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine was used as an antimalarial, broad spectrum antiviral drug,

... Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine was used as an antimalarial, broad spectrum antiviral drug, and has been broadly used in autoimmune diseases including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis [76] . A recent study indicates that chloroquine and the antiviral drug RDV-inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in vitro [77] ...

Ref: Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) [Future microbiology, 2020-06-11]

ACE2 of 154 canine, feline, rabbit and pangolin could support virus entry at levels >50% of hACE2.

... 10 animal ACE2s were between human/monkey and rat/mouse. Among these, ACE2 of 154 canine, feline, rabbit and pangolin could support virus entry at levels >50% of hACE2. 155 To examine receptor binding ability, we performed immunoprecipitation (IP) 156 analysis by using both S1 and receptor binding domain ...

Ref: Broad and differential animal ACE2 receptor usage by SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-04-20]

bat and pangolin that are regarded as the origin of SARS-CoV-2 [2] [3] [4] .

Ref: Susceptibility of tree shrew to SARS-CoV-2 infection [bioRxiv, 2020-04-30]