¿Cuáles son las vías de transmisión del coronavirus?

(What are the transmission routes of coronavirus?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

1. Person-to-person transmission occurs primarily via direct contact or through droplets spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individual.


2. Dental practices are an important person-to-person transmission route.


3. bronchoalveolar-lavage, saliva, blood, urine, feces, sputum, tears, and semen


4. The virus first infected multiple individuals working or visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market at an early stage,


5. SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact.

Person-to-person transmission occurs primarily via direct contact or through droplets spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individual.

... among people who did not visit the wet animal market in Wuhan [13, 21] . Person-to-person transmission occurs primarily via direct contact or through droplets spread by coughing or sneezing from an infected individual. In a small study conducted on women in their third trimester who were confirmed to ...

Ref: The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak [J Autoimmun, 2020-02-26]

Dental practices are an important person-to-person transmission route.

... A new mutation of 2019-nCoV emerged and has been spreading worldwide. Dental practices are an important person-to-person transmission route. In this regard, preventive measures are required to avoid the cross contamination among professionals and patients. This report brings ...

Ref: 2019-nCoV: Measures Adopted at the Departments of Oral Surgery and Radiology during the Period of an Uncontrolled Transmission Increase. [Dentistry journal, 2020-06-08]

bronchoalveolar-lavage, saliva, blood, urine, feces, sputum, tears, and semen

... indirect contact. CONCLUSION: We tried to provide important information for understanding the possible transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 via body fluids including bronchoalveolar-lavage, saliva, blood, urine, feces, sputum, tears, and semen in order to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurrences. ...

Ref: Body fluids may contribute to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: evidence and practical experience [Chin Med, 2020-06-05]

The virus first infected multiple individuals working or visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market at an early stage,

... among wild animals in at least one wet market in Wuhan, China [8] [9] . The virus first infected multiple individuals working or visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market at an early stage, initiating multiple chains of transmission that ensured sustained transmission in the human population [10] . ...

Ref: Effect of the Wet Market on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission dynamics in China, 2019-2020 [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-06-02]

SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact.

... coronavirus, has caused severe disease (COVID-19), and rapidly spread worldwide since the beginning of 2020. SARS-CoV-2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in saliva samples, making saliva a potential transmission route for COVID-19. ...

Ref: Saliva is a non-negligible factor in the spread of COVID-19 [Mol. oral microbiol. (Online), 2020]

SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans mainly via aerial droplets and direct contact.

... spread of COVID-19. The route of transmission is the third important factor for infectious disease. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans mainly via aerial droplets and direct contact. 1, 2 The virus is also found in stool specimens of patients, suggesting potential fecal-oral ...

Ref: Facing the COVID‐19 outbreak: What should we know and what could we do? [J Med Virol, 2020-03-05]

people cannot pass on infection if they do not come into contact with other people.

... present. Social distancing is one of the main ways to cut off transmission routes - people cannot pass on infection if they do not come into contact with other people. Based on the understanding that COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets, there has been widespread use ...

Ref: COVID‐19 transmission through asymptomatic carriers is a challenge to containment [Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 2020-04-15]

The virus can be transmitted from person to person, directly or indirectly, via the respiratory, oro‐fecal and probably sexual routes.

... coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is responsible for a pandemic that is causing thousands of deaths worldwide. The virus can be transmitted from person to person, directly or indirectly, via the respiratory, oro‐fecal and probably sexual routes. (1) The eventual vertical transmission route is still poorly explored. However, mother‐to‐child SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission through ...

Ref: SARS‐CoV‐2 possible contamination of genital area: implications for sexual and vertical transmission routes [J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2020-05-07]

Non-congenital routes of perinatal transmission could include aerosol and droplet transmission in the delivery room, or transmission in the birth canal.

... SARS-CoV-2 can likely be transmitted to the fetus pre-natally or to the newborn infant post-natally. Non-congenital routes of perinatal transmission could include aerosol and droplet transmission in the delivery room, or transmission in the birth canal. Another important possible route of post-natal transmission could be through breastfeeding. Studies reported to date ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2: Is it the newest spark in the TORCH? [Journal of Clinical Virology, 2020-06-30]

The routes of transmission are direct contact, and droplet and possible aerosol transmissions.

... several countries, affecting more than 90 thousand patients and making it a global public threat. The routes of transmission are direct contact, and droplet and possible aerosol transmissions. Due to the unique nature of dentistry, most dental procedures generate significant amounts of droplets ...

Ref: Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry [J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2020-03-16]

This infection spreads mainly through direct contact with Flügge micro droplets or core droplets that remain suspended as aerosol.

... novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, and the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). This infection spreads mainly through direct contact with Flügge micro droplets or core droplets that remain suspended as aerosol. Moreover, it has been reported that infected subjects, both with and without clinical signs of ...

Ref: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice [Int. j. environ. res. public health (Online), 2020]

airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread.

... treatment. We have summarized the possible transmission routes of 2019-nCov in stomatology, such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread. We also reviewed several detailed practical strategies to block virus transmission to provide a reference ...

Ref: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice [Int J Oral Sci, 2020-03-03]

Primary route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is droplets and direct contact.

... Primary route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among humans is droplets and direct contact. Airborne transmission of this virus is not established conclusively and so is the role of airborne particulate matter. This commentary examines the existing evidence about the role of particulate matter ...

Ref: Air pollution and COVID-19: Is the connect worth its weight? [Indian journal of public health, 2020-06-01]

SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact.

... coronavirus, has caused severe disease (COVID‐19), and rapidly spread worldwide since the beginning of 2020. SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly spreads by coughing, sneezing, droplet inhalation, and contact. SARS‐CoV‐2 has been detected in saliva samples, making saliva a potential transmission route for COVID‐19. ...

Ref: Saliva is a non‐negligible factor in the spread of COVID‐19 [Mol Oral Microbiol, 2020-05-31]

Person-to-person transmission is accepted but WHO only considers aerosol transmission when procedures or support treatments that produce aerosol are performed.

... a corona virus named SARS-CoV-2 with unprecedent worldwide measures being taken to tackle its contagion. Person-to-person transmission is accepted but WHO only considers aerosol transmission when procedures or support treatments that produce aerosol are performed. However, transmission mechanisms are not fully understood and there is evidence for an airborne route ...

Ref: Airborne route and bad use of ventilation systems as non-negligible factors in SARS-CoV-2 transmission [Med Hypotheses, 2020-04-25]

2019-nCov enters into host cells via cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2).

... has draw significant public health attention. The same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 2019-nCov enters into host cells via cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). In order to dissect the ACE2-expressing cell composition and proportion and explore a potential route ...

Ref: The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes [bioRxiv, 2020-01-31]

The transmission of this coronavirus occurs via large droplets and direct inoculation [6] .

... virus spread to 29 countries globally, affecting 8,422 patients, with a mortality rate of 11%. The transmission of this coronavirus occurs via large droplets and direct inoculation [6] . The virus may remain viable for up to 24 hours on dry surfaces, but it ...

Ref: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know [J Am Coll Radiol, 2020-02-19]

are through respiratory droplets and close person-to-person contact.

... Primary routes of transmission of the causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are through respiratory droplets and close person-to-person contact. While information about other potential modes of transmission are relatively sparse, evidence supporting the possibility ...

Ref: Potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Current evidence and implications for public health [Int J Infect Dis, 2020]

transmission routes and risk points of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics

... the fundamental knowledge about the name, etiologic characteristics, epidemiologic characteristics and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, transmission routes and risk points of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics but also provides recommended protective measures for dental professionals to interdict the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ...

Ref: Transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and protective measures in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic [American journal of dentistry, 2020]

Although the common transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is the respiratory tract,

... γ, and δ-CoV) have been recognized; the latest one has been identified as the SARS-CoV-2. Although the common transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is the respiratory tract, it seems that other routes such as the gastrointestinal tract may be effective for the ...

Ref: Emerging coronaviruses: first SARS, second MERS and third SARS-CoV-2: epidemiological updates of COVID-19. [Le infezioni in medicina, 2020-06-01]

This could occur in asymptomatic patients, in patients with mild symptoms or even during the incubation period.

... could be transmitted by semen, potentially providing a possible route of transmission of the pathogen. This could occur in asymptomatic patients, in patients with mild symptoms or even during the incubation period. This potential route of transmission has been proposed for other viral infections that were previously ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 and the testis: similarity with other viruses and routes of infection [Reprod Biomed Online, 2020-04-17]

Ocular surface represents a possible route for infection.

... prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) has reached the critical stage in China. Ocular surface represents a possible route for infection. Based on the previous studies and our own research, we summarize the potential transmission route ...

Ref: [Strengthening basic and clinical research on ocular infection caused by coronavirus]. [[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology, 2020-04-11]

The main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans occurs via respiratory droplets and contact

... studies reporting a genetic relatedness of~80% (Chan et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) . The main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans occurs via respiratory droplets and contact (Jin et al., 2020; WHO, 2020b) . However, concerns regarding environmental transmission and the associated ...

Ref: Recreational waters – A potential transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 to humans? [Sci Total Environ, 2020-10-20]

cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes.

... identity to BatCoV RaTG13. The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes. 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted through the saliva, and the fetal-oral routes may also be ...

Ref: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice [Int J Oral Sci, 2020]

MERS-CoV spreads mostly through droplet and direct contact, but transmission through indirect contact, aerosol, fecal-to-oral route is also possible.

... viruses, human coronavirus transmission occurs via droplets, indirect or direct contacts. 16) Possibility of aerosol transmission remains to be investigated. MERS-CoV spreads mostly through droplet and direct contact, but transmission through indirect contact, aerosol, fecal-to-oral route is also possible. 10, 16) SARS-CoV primarily spreads via droplet and direct contact. ...

Ref: Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19) [Clin Exp Pediatr, 2020-04-02]

The zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human) is suspected as the route of disease origin.

... In a short span of time, the virus spread has been noted in 24 countries. The zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human) is suspected as the route of disease origin. The genetic analyses predict bats as the most probable source of 2019-nCoV though further investigations ...

Ref: Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments [Vet Q, 2020]

the main transmission routes are respiratory droplets and indirect contact, fecal-oral might bepossible,

... This review discusses the possible transmission routes of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), based on currently research, the main transmission routes are respiratory droplets and indirect contact, fecal-oral might bepossible, while aerosol, tear (conjunctival) and mother-to-fetus still have yet to be confirmed, providing a reference ...

Ref: [Transmission routes of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. [Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2020-04-06]

the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread.

... for treatment. We have summarized the possible transmission routes of 2019-nCov in stomatology, such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread. We also reviewed several detailed practical strategies to block virus transmission to provide a reference ...

Ref: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice [Int J Oral Sci, 2020-03-03]

Humanto-human transmission via droplets is the main route of transmission within a susceptible population.

... At present, the exact mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is still not completely understood. Humanto-human transmission via droplets is the main route of transmission within a susceptible population. Chinese health authorities reported an R 0 of 1.4-2.5 on January 23, 2020, to the WHO ...

Ref: COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview [Chemotherapy, 2020-04-07]

Respiratory droplets and intimate contact are the two main transmission routes of 2019-nCov [13, 14] ;

... The route of transmission of 2019-nCov is worth exploring to control the virus spread. Respiratory droplets and intimate contact are the two main transmission routes of 2019-nCov [13, 14] ; evidence for fecal-oral transmission route was provided [15, 16] ; vertical and sexual transmissions among female ...

Ref: Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testicular biopsy specimen of COVID-19 patients [Chemotherapy, 2020-04-04]

2019-nCoV is thought to be transmitted through respiratory droplets.

... can potentially bind RBD of 2019-nCoV, making them all possible natural hosts for the virus. 2019-nCoV is thought to be transmitted through respiratory droplets. However, since ACE2 is predominantly expressed in intestines, testis, and kidney, fecal-oral and other routes ...

Ref: Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV [Biochem. biophys. res. commun, 2020]

SARS-CoV is thought to be transmitted by respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes [19] .

... The exact mode of transmission for 2019-nCoV has not been firmly established. SARS-CoV is thought to be transmitted by respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes [19] . The respiratory droplets spread can occur only through direct person-to-person contact or at a close distance. Presumably, 2019-nCoV ...

Ref: Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV [Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2020-04-23]

Viral particles are transmitted through droplets, contact and aerosols or likely through digestive tract, urine, eyes and other routes.

... suppressing the host"s immune response. Human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are hosted by humans and vertebrates. Viral particles are transmitted through droplets, contact and aerosols or likely through digestive tract, urine, eyes and other routes. This review discusses the mechanisms of proliferation and transmission of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses based ...

Ref: [Replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses]. [Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences, 2020-05-25]

transmission of the more rigid virus can occur via feces, but also in airborne form released from mucus, vomit, and other body fluids.

... the virus that relies more on the fecal-respiratory route of transmission, as seen in PEDV3,5, transmission of the more rigid virus can occur via feces, but also in airborne form released from mucus, vomit, and other body fluids. These properties can also explain the higher contagiousness levels of the COVID-19/Wuhan 2019-nCoV than with ...

Ref: Rigidity of the Outer Shell Predicted by a Protein Intrinsic Disorder Model Sheds Light on the COVID-19 (Wuhan-2019-nCoV) Infectivity [Biomolecules, 2020-02-19]

respiratory route.

... is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. Accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be ...

Ref: Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review [Gastroenterology, 2020]

We enrolled 33 patients, without any ocular manifestation, with their ocular surface swabs collected for virus detection.

... (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, while the routes of transmission of this virus are still controversial. We enrolled 33 patients, without any ocular manifestation, with their ocular surface swabs collected for virus detection. RNA was detected strong positive in samples of both eyes from two patients. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 in the ocular surface of COVID-19 patients [Eye Vis (Lond), 2020-04-26]

such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread.

... and hospitals for treatment. We have summarized the possible transmission routes of 2019-nCov in stomatology, such as the airborne spread, contact spread, and contaminated surface spread. We also reviewed several detailed practical strategies to block virus transmission to provide a reference ...

Ref: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice [Int J Oral Sci, 2020-03-03]

Transmission of viruses from bat to human and other animals are through bat bite, aersolization of saliva, feces and urine.

... Transmission of viruses from bat to human and other animals are through bat bite, aersolization of saliva, feces and urine. When a person is unknowingly exposed to virus containing bat excreta, there are chances of getting infection (Fig. 1) . Many rural areas in India have bat habitats and human ...

Ref: Coronavirus threat to Indian population: risk factors, transmission dynamics and preparedness to prevent the spread of the virus [Virusdisease, 2020-04-20]

In addition, specific recommendations for dental practice are suggested for patient screening, infection control strategies, and patient management protocol.

... time prevent nosocomial spread of infection. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of the epidemiology, symptoms, and routes of transmission of this novel infection. In addition, specific recommendations for dental practice are suggested for patient screening, infection control strategies, and patient management protocol. ...

Ref: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care [J Endod, 2020]

the human intestinal tract might be a transmission route of SARS-CoV-2.

... the first expandable organoid culture system of bat intestinal epithelium and present evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect bat intestinal cells. The robust SARS-CoV-2 replication in human intestinal organoids suggests that the human intestinal tract might be a transmission route of SARS-CoV-2. ...

Ref: Infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by SARS-CoV-2 [Nat. med, 2020]

The main transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 comprise human-to-human droplet infection,

... caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has now widely spread globally. The main transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 comprise human-to-human droplet infection, including inhalation and contact infection of patient’s saliva, blood and other body fluids through oral ...

Ref: Dental care and infection-control procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic: the experience in Taipei City Hospital, Taiwan [J Dent Sci, 2020-05-29]

The main route of transmission of SARS CoV infection is presumed to be respiratory droplets.

... The main route of transmission of SARS CoV infection is presumed to be respiratory droplets. However the virus is also detectable in other body fluids and excreta. The stability of the virus at different temperatures and relative humidity on smooth surfaces were studied. The dried ...

Ref: The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus [Adv Virol, 2011-10-01]

Their expression in the cells of ocular surface may be an access route of corona virus in eye,

... injured corneas.The two receptors, ACE2 and DPP4, are involved in many cellular signaling pathways and pathophysiological processes. Their expression in the cells of ocular surface may be an access route of corona virus in eye, which provides clues to elucidating the pathogenesis of corona virus in the eyeballs. ...

Ref: Advance in research of beta coronavirus receptors on ocular surface/ 眼表β属冠状病毒受体的研究进展 [Zhonghua Shiyan Yanke Zazhi Chin. J. Exp. Ophthalmol., 2020]

The early infections were probably zoonotic via seafood, bats snakes, birds or other small animals.

... or visited this market. On 1st January 2020 the market was closed and was decontaminated. The early infections were probably zoonotic via seafood, bats snakes, birds or other small animals. But, the nature of initial zoonotic transmission to humans is still being investigated. Earlier zoonotic ...

Ref: Emergence of deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during 2019–2020 [Virusdisease, 2020-04-08]

Evidences compiled here strongly suggest that the COVID-19 could be transmitted via air in inadequately ventilated environments.

... of their paramount importance, the transmission routes of SARS-Cov-2 still remain debated among various sectors. Evidences compiled here strongly suggest that the COVID-19 could be transmitted via air in inadequately ventilated environments. Existing experimental data showed that coronavirus survival was negatively impacted by ozone, high temperature and ...

Ref: On airborne transmission and control of SARS-Cov-2 [Sci Total Environ, 2020]

Human-to-human transmission has been documented to occur through respiratory secretions, feces, aerosols, and contaminated environmental surfaces.

... SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is now a global pandemic. Human-to-human transmission has been documented to occur through respiratory secretions, feces, aerosols, and contaminated environmental surfaces. Pediatric patients present a unique challenge as they may have minimal symptoms and yet transmit disease. ...

Ref: Risk Stratification and Personal Protective Equipment Use in Pediatric Endoscopy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak: A Single-center Protocol [J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2020]

aerosol contact with conjunctiva.

... Methods: A retrospective cohort study was initiated to investigate the possible transmission of 2019-nCoV through aerosol contact with conjunctiva. We enrolled 67 cases of confirmed or suspected cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) during ...

Ref: Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva [J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2020-02-12]

Transmissions among family members are frequently observed, although the route of transmission is partially known.

... 000 people worldwide. The numbers of reported cases continue to rise and threaten global health. Transmissions among family members are frequently observed, although the route of transmission is partially known. Here we report three cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection within one family. Sequencing of the S ...

Ref: Family cluster of three recovered cases of pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection [BMJ case reports, 2020]

The SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact;

... male and female of any age, and the disease performance is both symptomatic and asymptomatic. The SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact; furthermore, there is a possibility of aerosol transmission when it is in a relatively closed ...

Ref: Transmission and clinical characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection [BMJ case reports, 2020-06-12]

respiratory droplets is the major route of transmission.

... which is of critical significance to the epidemic prevention and control. 16 Up to now, respiratory droplets is the major route of transmission. Besides, the fecal-oral route of transmission is considered but unconfirmed because 2019-nCoV nucleic acids could ...

Ref: Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line [J Infect, 2020-02-25]

droplet transmission and close contact transmission.

... Routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission are diversified and the main routes of transmission for COVID-19 are droplet transmission and close contact transmission. All population have susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Social factors such population movements and aggregation accelerated the ...

Ref: [Analysis on the epidemic factors for the Corona Virus Disease]. [Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2020-03-03]

(1) direct exposure to respiratory secretions containing droplets, blood, saliva, or other patient materials;

... exposed to respiratory tract secretions, blood, saliva, and other contaminated body fluids and are always at risk for 2019-nCoV infection. 2019-nCoV transmission in dental settings occurs through four major routes: (1) direct exposure to respiratory secretions containing droplets, blood, saliva, or other patient materials; ...

Ref: Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review [Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020-04-24]

Respiratory droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, and it can also be transmitted through aerial droplets and contact

... to the present, the main infection source was the patients with pneumonia infected by SARS-CoV-2. Respiratory droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, and it can also be transmitted through aerial droplets and contact (Jin et al., 2020) . However, we also should attach importance to asymptomatic cases, which ...

Ref: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-03-12]

Transmission of disease from person to person occurs mainly through direct contact or by droplets released by an infected person through coughing or sneezing.

... occurred in many people who did not even visited Wuhan"s wet animal market [13] . Transmission of disease from person to person occurs mainly through direct contact or by droplets released by an infected person through coughing or sneezing. The Fig. 3 how quickly the disease has spread in each country since the 100th ...

Ref: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a pandemic (epidemiology, pathogenesis and potential therapeutics) [New Microbes New Infect, 2020-04-14]

The upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system are usually the infection targets of coronavirus in humans and other mammals(11).

... The upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system are usually the infection targets of coronavirus in humans and other mammals(11). A distinct coronavirus SARS-CoV was identified as the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (2, 12, 13) . This virus may destroy the upper respiratory tract and damage ...

Ref: Profiling ACE2 expression in colon tissue of healthy adults and colorectal cancer patients by single-cell transcriptome analysis [New Microbes New Infect, 2020-02-23]

(a) direct person-to-person contact transmission, and (b) indirect airborne and fomites-driven transmission.

... classical epidemic modelling framework, two distinct routes of COVID-19 transmission are incorporated into a model: (a) direct person-to-person contact transmission, and (b) indirect airborne and fomites-driven transmission. The indirect non-contact transmission route needs to explored in models of COVID-19 spread, because evidences ...

Ref: COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of lockdown, contact and non-contact transmissions on infection dynamics [New Microbes New Infect, 2020-04-07]

respiratory droplets, direct or indirect contact, saliva or blood-mixed aerosols and the digestive tract.

... and other removable appliances. Thus, the major transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in orthodontic practice are respiratory droplets, direct or indirect contact, saliva or blood-mixed aerosols and the digestive tract. Effective control strategies to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through these routes are needed. 7 ...

Ref: Controls of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in orthodontic practice [Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2020-06-05]

fecal-oral route.

... detectable in urine specimens from 10 patients. Our results demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients and suggested the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the fecal-oral route. ...

Ref: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients [J Med Virol, 2020]

current therapeutic options, preventive methods and transmission routes of COVID-19 are discussed.

... and viable treatment options have eluded investigators. Therefore, infection prevention, early viral detection and identification of successful treatment protocols provide the best approach in controlling disease spread. In this review, current therapeutic options, preventive methods and transmission routes of COVID-19 are discussed. ...

Ref: COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities [Clin Chim Acta, 2020]

Respiratory droplet transmission is the main route of transmission,

... to the present, the main infection source was the patients with pneumonia infected by SARS-CoV-2. Respiratory droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, and it can also be transmitted through aerial droplets and contact (Jin et al., 2020) ...

Ref: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-03-12]

transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route.

... respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the culprit virus, is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. Accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be ...

Ref: Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review [Gastroenterology, 2020]

It is spread by human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact,

... SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. It is spread by human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact, and infection has been estimated to have mean incubation period of 6.4 days and a ...

Ref: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-02-17]

through aerosol contact with conjunctiva.

... implications. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was initiated to investigate the possible transmission of 2019-nCoV through aerosol contact with conjunctiva. We enrolled 67 cases of confirmed or suspected cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) during ...

Ref: Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-02-12]

Person-to-person transmission may occur mainly through droplet or contact transmission.

... in Wuhan before the cluster of cases from Huanan market was discovered in late December. Person-to-person transmission may occur mainly through droplet or contact transmission. According to Guan"s latest pilot study, 2019-nCoV was detected positive in the gastrointestinal tract specimens ...

Ref: Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-04-01]

contact, droplets, and fomite).

-Routes of transmission of both the viruses (i.e., contact, droplets, and fomite).

Ref: Emergence and Reemergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronaviruses [Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), 2020-04-30]

This virus is highly infectious and can be transmitted through droplets and close contact.

... The most likely source of SARS-CoV-2 is bats. This virus is highly infectious and can be transmitted through droplets and close contact. Some patients are life-threatening and such disease has posed a great threat to global health and safety, so to control the spread ...

Ref: A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-03-19]

The transmissibility of coronavirus from asymptomatic patients to healthy individuals has received enormous attention.

... in December 2019, the coronavirus has spread all over the world at an unprecedented rate. The transmissibility of coronavirus from asymptomatic patients to healthy individuals has received enormous attention. An important study using the COVID-19 data from the city Ningbo, China, was carried out ...

Ref: Comparison of transmissibility of coronavirus between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: Reanalysis of the Ningbo COVID-19 data. [JMIR public health and surveillance, 2020-05-21]

The transmission modes of human coronaviruses are similar, thought to be by droplet, contact and sometimes airborne routes.

... infections. This is an important research question to inform the response to the COVID-19 epidemic. The transmission modes of human coronaviruses are similar, thought to be by droplet, contact and sometimes airborne routes. There are several randomised clinical trials of masks and respirators, but most used clinical endpoints ...

Ref: Human Coronavirus Data from Four Clinical Trials of Masks and Respirators [Int. j. infect. dis, 2020]

transmission through respiratory droplets and contact are the main routes of transmission.

... to the same large family of coronaviruses, their genetic characteristics are significantly different. For COVID-19, transmission through respiratory droplets and contact are the main routes of transmission. It has also been confirmed that live virus and virus nucleic acid can be detected ...

Ref: Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists [Stroke Vasc Neurol, 2020-04-01]

Household transmission is the dominant route of disease spread regardless of quarantine.

... both households and the public space, as well as the deaths caused by COVID-19 pneumonia. Household transmission is the dominant route of disease spread regardless of quarantine. This will provide important evidence and scientific insights to other worldwide countries that are currently ...

Ref: Assessing the Effects of Metropolitan-Wide Quarantine on the Spread of COVID-19 in Public Space and Households [Int. j. infect. dis, 2020]

The virus emerged in humans from Wuhan seafood market probably via zoonotic transmission.

... disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), formerly known as 2019-nCoV. The virus emerged in humans from Wuhan seafood market probably via zoonotic transmission. Within a few days the virus spread its tentacles rapidly to neighboring cities in China ...

Ref: Emergence of deadly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during 2019-2020 [Virusdisease, 2020]

Respiratory droplets and direct contact are conventional transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2,

... symptom onset to developing pneumonia is 4 0 days (range, 2 0 to 7 0)3 Respiratory droplets and direct contact are conventional transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2, and fecal-to-oral transmission might also have a role3 Fever, dry cough, and fatigue are common ...

Ref: The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia calls for viral vaccines [Virusdisease, 2020]

the transmission route or high-risk diseases of ophthalmology and high-risk working status are speculated.

... is commonly reported that COVID-19 patients are associated with conjunctival congestion and other symptoms, and the transmission route or high-risk diseases of ophthalmology and high-risk working status are speculated. Are conjunctival congestion or conjunctival related symptoms in patients with 2019 novel coronavirus definitely related ...

Ref: [Whether conjunctival congestion in patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus is definitely related the novel coronavirus?] [[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology, 2020-04-14]

fecal-oral route,

... can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, this possibility exists as the virus has been successfully isolated in a stool or anal swab of patients with COVID-19, which is almost as accurate ...

Ref: Digestive system involvement of novel coronavirus infection: Prevention and control infection from a gastroenterology perspective [J Dig Dis, 2020-05-12]

The virus first infected multiple individuals visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market,

... among wild animals in at least one wet market in Wuhan, China [6] [7] . The virus first infected multiple individuals visiting the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, initiating multiple chains of transmission that ensured sustained transmission in the human population [8] . ...

Ref: Transmissibility of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: zoonotic vs. human to human transmission, China, 2019-2020 [J Dig Dis, 2020-03-20]

infection control measures in public hospitals were tightened to limit nosocomial transmission within healthcare facilities.

... and outside China. Hong Kong started to prepare for COVID-19 on 31st December 2019 and infection control measures in public hospitals were tightened to limit nosocomial transmission within healthcare facilities. However, the recommendations on the transmission-based precautions required for COVID-19 in hospital settings vary from ...

Ref: Risk of nosocomial transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: an experience in a general ward setting in Hong Kong [J Hosp Infect, 2020]

The outbreak caused by the novel coronavirus is larger than the previous human coronaviruses,

... pulmonary disease, and hypertension The mortality rate in healthy subjects is less than 1% Conclusion: The outbreak caused by the novel coronavirus is larger than the previous human coronaviruses, showing that the SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely contagious virus However, the mortality rate of COVID-19 ...

Ref: Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): An Emerging Infectious Disease in the 21st Century [Iranian South Medical Journal, 2020]

The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission,

... be the bat Rhinolophus affinis as 2019-nCoV showed 96.2% of whole-genome identity to BatCoV RaTG13. The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes. 2019-nCoV ...

Ref: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice [Int J Oral Sci, 2020]

Hospital-associated transmission is an important route of spreading the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection and pneumonia

... Hospital-associated transmission is an important route of spreading the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection and pneumonia (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) [1]. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk while combating COVID-19 at the very frontline, and nosocomial outbreaks among HCWs are not unusual in similar ...

Ref: Protecting Chinese healthcare workers while combating the 2019 novel coronavirus [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2020-03-05]

oral-fecal route

... the feces of patients affected by COVID-19, suggesting the possibility of viral transmission through the oral-fecal route (Nouri-Vaskeh & Alizadeh, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020) . Furthermore, there is evidence proving that ...

Ref: Sexual Behaviors During COVID-19: The Potential Risk of Transmission [Arch Sex Behav, 2020-06-05]

from bat/pangolin/anteater to intermediate organism and then from intermediate organism to human),

... Betacoronavirus, ii) transmission of Beta coronavirus to human took place by inter-intra species model (i.e. from bat/pangolin/anteater to intermediate organism and then from intermediate organism to human), iii) host-specific adaptive mutation occurred among the coronavirus strains including 2019-nCoV, iv) gene tree and ...

Ref: Deep phylogenetic analysis of Orthocoronavirinae genomes traces the origin, evolution and transmission route of 2019 novel coronavirus [bioRxiv, 2020-05-15]

Contact with respiratory secretions from virusinfected individuals is currently known to be the main route of transmission,

... Person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has already been confirmed [4] . Contact with respiratory secretions from virusinfected individuals is currently known to be the main route of transmission, although there are reports of virus transmission via aerosol droplets and physical contact [5] . However, it is not known ...

Ref: COVID-19 transmission and blood transfusion: A case report [J Infect Public Health, 2020-05-13]

Viral infection begins with an initial attachment step, namely the binding of the virus to the respective host cell receptor.

... SarS-coV-2 is a β-coronavirus similar to SarS-coV (79.5% shared identity) (4) . Viral infection begins with an initial attachment step, namely the binding of the virus to the respective host cell receptor. SarS-coV has been studied since the outbreak in 2002. it is well known that the virus enters cells ...

Ref: Possibility of transmission through dogs being a contributing factor to the extreme Covid-19 outbreak in North Italy [Mol Med Rep, 2020-03-23]

A gastrointestinal route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2,

... slightly higher than the R0 of SARS (1.7-1.9) and higher than that of MERS (<1). A gastrointestinal route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, which has been assumed for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, cannot be ruled out and needs further ...

Ref: COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? [Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020]

Firstly, the affected patients presented with pneumonia-like symptoms, followed by a severe acute respiratory infection.

... (animal-to-human) transmission suspected as the main route of disease origin (Hui et al. 2020 ). Firstly, the affected patients presented with pneumonia-like symptoms, followed by a severe acute respiratory infection. Some cases showed rapid development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) followed by serious complications ...

Ref: Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments [Vet Q, 2020-02-08]

The faecal-oral route, whether through sexual contact or not, is quickly becoming a recognized route of viral transmission.

... At this time, we think nasopharyngeal swabs probably remain the standard of diagnosis. The faecal-oral route, whether through sexual contact or not, is quickly becoming a recognized route of viral transmission. 4 The wildlife markets at the epicentre of the outbreak are notoriously overcrowded and unhygienic. In such ...

Ref: Observations about sexual and other routes of SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) transmission and its prevention [Clin Exp Dermatol, 2020-05-30]

11 SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by droplets and contact.

... occurred in 13% to 21% of MERS cases and 22% to 39% of SARS cases. 11 SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by droplets and contact. A study in South Korea showed that many environmental surfaces of patients with MERS were ...

Ref: The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID‐19): A Chinese perspective [J Med Virol, 2020-03-12]

A further transmission route could be via airborne dust.

... A further transmission route could be via airborne dust. It is considered that microorganisms in airborne particulate matters (PM) or dust is linked to infectious diseases. 5 Poor nationwide air pollution is frequent in some developing countries, and the ...

Ref: An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Environ Sci Technol, 2020-03-23]

respiratory droplets and indirect contact, fecal-oral might bepossible,

... transmission routes of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), based on currently research, the main transmission routes are respiratory droplets and indirect contact, fecal-oral might bepossible, while aerosol, tear (conjunctival) and mother-to-fetus still have yet to be confirmed, providing a reference ...

Ref: [Transmission routes of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. [Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2020-04-06]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing a huge toll on individuals, families, communities and societies across the world.

... The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing a huge toll on individuals, families, communities and societies across the world. Currently, whether wearing facemasks in public should be a measure to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains contraversial.1 This is largely because there have been no ...

Ref: Facemasks prevent influenza-like illness: implications for COVID-19 [Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2020-05-12]

specific recommendations for dental practice are suggested for patient screening, infection control strategies, and patient management protocol.

... nosocomial spread of infection. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of the epidemiology, symptoms, and routes of transmission of this novel infection. In addition, specific recommendations for dental practice are suggested for patient screening, infection control strategies, and patient management protocol. ...

Ref: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care [J Endod, 2020]

Following the recent outbreak of pneumonia with unknown pathogen in Hubei province in China,

... et al 1 on the diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by fecal specimen test. Following the recent outbreak of pneumonia with unknown pathogen in Hubei province in China, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) isolated from human airway epithelial cells and ...

Ref: Fecal transmission in COVID‐19: A potential shedding route [J Med Virol, 2020-04-06]

person-to-person transmission and contact with contaminated surfaces.

... Health Organization has suggested that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through person-to-person transmission and contact with contaminated surfaces. However, rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suggests other routes such as airborne ...

Ref: A letter about the airborne transmission of sars-cov-2 based on the current evidence [Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 2020]

Airborne aerosol and the fecal-oral transmission route [37] remain to be further confirmed.

... host receptor with SARS-CoV, the human angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, suggesting a similar transmission route. The person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur through respiratory droplet transmission and contact transmission. Airborne aerosol and the fecal-oral transmission route [37] remain to be further confirmed. ...

Ref: A comprehensive Chinese experience against SARS-CoV-2 in ophthalmology [Eye Vis (Lond), 2020-04-07]

fecal‐oral route([2‐4]).

... by using nasopharyngeal swabs([1]), but the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in feces of COVID‐19 patients indicates the possibility of transmission via fecal‐oral route([2‐4]). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...

Ref: Asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infected case with viral detection positive in stool but negative in nasopharyngeal samples lasts for 42 days [J Med Virol, 2020-04-24]

GETV is transmitted between individuals by mosquitoes, which serves as a vector, and the infected vertebrates act as amplifying hosts in GETV transmission cycles.

... GETV is transmitted between individuals by mosquitoes, which serves as a vector, and the infected vertebrates act as amplifying hosts in GETV transmission cycles. 5 China has a vast territory with a wide variety of mosquito and vertebrate species. In China, the numbers of newly discovered vector and infected vertebrate species of GETV have ...

Ref: Emergence of SARS-like coronavirus poses new challenge in China [J Infect, 2020-01-30]

airborne dissemination (nose/throat or 'respiratory route' through aerosols, dust or liquids),

... The main routes of transmission of the infection are considered as follows: airborne dissemination (nose/throat or "respiratory route" through aerosols, dust or liquids), direct or indirect contact (e.g., face/eye touching in case of conjunctivitis), and oral-fecal. ...

Ref: The Ocular Surface and the Coronavirus Disease 2019: Does a Dual ‘Ocular Route’ Exist? [J Clin Med, 2020-04-28]

droplet transmission and close contact transmission

... Routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission are diversified and the main routes of transmission for COVID-19 are droplet transmission and close contact transmission All population have susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Social factors such population movements and aggregation accelerated the ...

Ref: Analysis on the epidemic factors for the Corona Virus Disease [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2020]

to identify potential drug targets, which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures.

... infectious coronaviruses is urgently needed to elucidate their route of transmission and pathogenic mechanisms, and to identify potential drug targets, which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. Herein, we describe the epidemic and etiological characteristics of 2019-nCoV, discuss its essential biological features, ...

Ref: The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future [Microbes Infect, 2020]

patients in the incubation period can transmit the virus to other persons [5] .

... is thought to be transmitted through droplets, close contact, aerosol and maybe fecal-oral transmission, and patients in the incubation period can transmit the virus to other persons [5] . The distribution of the viral receptor can explain the pathogenic mechanisms, clinical manifestations and transmission ...

Ref: The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future [Microbes and Infection, 2020-03-31]