¿Cuánto tiempo se mantiene estable el coronavirus sobre superficies?
(How long does coronavirus remain stable on surfaces?)
Primeras 5 respuestas:
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SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months.
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SARS-CoV-2 survives and remains viable on surfaces for several days under different environments as reported in recent studies.
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viable virus was detected up to 72 hours.
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Viruses usually have longer survival in a host and thus may have increased likelihood of transmission.
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SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to survive on surfaces, such as plastic and steel, for up to 3 days 8 .
SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months.
... acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)/Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV) have emerged in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, ...
Ref: Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination() [J Hosp Infect, 2015-10-03]SARS-CoV-2 survives and remains viable on surfaces for several days under different environments as reported in recent studies.
... SARS-CoV-2 survives and remains viable on surfaces for several days under different environments as reported in recent studies. However, it is unclear how the viruses survive for such a long time and why their survivability varies across different surfaces. To address these questions, we conduct systematic experiments investigating ...
Ref: Droplet evaporation residue indicating SARS-COV-2 survivability on surfaces [J Hosp Infect, 2020-05-25]viable virus was detected up to 72 hours.
... was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on cop-17 per and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours. In line with the above interpreta-18 tion and not unexpectedly, our findings cannot be compared ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care emergency unit [Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020-05-22]Viruses usually have longer survival in a host and thus may have increased likelihood of transmission.
... periods on surfaces such as latex gloves, sterile sponges, aluminum, wood, laminate, steel and plastics. Viruses usually have longer survival in a host and thus may have increased likelihood of transmission. Similarly, complete information is essential on how the novel coronavirus interacts with surfaces on a ...
Ref: Environmental chemistry is most relevant to study coronavirus pandemics [Environ Chem Lett, 2020-05-20]SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to survive on surfaces, such as plastic and steel, for up to 3 days 8 .
... (87%) room sites sampled were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 2 . SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to survive on surfaces, such as plastic and steel, for up to 3 days 8 . This extensive spreading and prolonged survival opens the possibility of indirect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from ...
Ref: Disinfection effect of pulsed xenon ultraviolet irradiation on SARS-CoV-2 and implications for environmental risk of COVID-19 transmission [Environ Chem Lett, 2020-05-11]On inanimate surface human coronaviruses can remain infectious for up to 9 d.
... On inanimate surface human coronaviruses can remain infectious for up to 9 d. A surface disinfection with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 62%e71% ethanol can be regarded as effective against coronaviruses within 1 min. A similar effect can be expected against ...
Ref: Potential role of inanimate surfaces for the spread of coronaviruses and their inactivation with disinfectant agents [Infection Prevention in Practice, 2020-06-30]Coronavirus can last on for long durations on different metal surfaces, ranging from hours to days 13, 14 .
... Coronavirus can last on for long durations on different metal surfaces, ranging from hours to days 13, 14 . Recent studies show that the Coronavirus can last about three days on a plastic surface as well as on stainless steel surface, it can also sustain for a period of ...
Ref: Sustainability of Coronavirus on different surfaces [J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2020-05-06]When the minimum ambient air temperature increases by 1 °C, the cumulative number of cases decreases by 0.86%.
... and sunlight can facilitate the destruction of SARS-COV-2 and the stability of it on surfaces. When the minimum ambient air temperature increases by 1 °C, the cumulative number of cases decreases by 0.86%. According to the latest evidence, the presence of coronavirus in the sewer has been confirmed, ...
Ref: The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [AMB Express, 2020]The most common nosocomial coronaviruses may well survive or persist on inanimate surfaces for up to a month.
... The most common nosocomial coronaviruses may well survive or persist on inanimate surfaces for up to a month. The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low, while respiratory and fecal specimens can maintain infectivity for quite a long time at room temperature. SARS-CoV-2 could exist in ...
Ref: Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments [World J Clin Cases, 2020-04-26]Persistence time on inanimate surfaces varied from minutes to up to one month, depending on the environmental conditions.
... such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Persistence time on inanimate surfaces varied from minutes to up to one month, depending on the environmental conditions. SARS-CoV-2 can be sustained in air in closed unventilated buses for at least 30 min ...
Ref: Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments [World J Clin Cases, 2020-04-26]COVID-19 virus is thought to survive for several hours on surfaces such as aluminum, sterile sponges, or latex surgical gloves,
... infectious viruses, including coronavirus, can survive for long periods outside of its host organism. 2 COVID-19 virus is thought to survive for several hours on surfaces such as aluminum, sterile sponges, or latex surgical gloves, increasing the opportunity for transmission via touch. Transmission via the inhalation of small, exhaled respiratory ...
Ref: An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Environ Sci Technol, 2020-03-23]Following assembly, virions are transported to the cell surface in vesicles and released by exocytosis.
... the virion genomic RNA and then translation and assembly of the viral replicase complexes. Following replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis, encapsidation occurs resulting in the formation of the mature virus. Following assembly, virions are transported to the cell surface in vesicles and released by exocytosis. ...
Ref: Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. [The Malaysian journal of pathology, 2020-04-01]Coronavirus persists in an infectious state on common surface materials for several days.
... Coronavirus persists in an infectious state on common surface materials for several days. An inoculum of 10 3 plaque forming units (PFU) persisted on polyfluorotetraethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, and stainless steel for at least 5 days (and 3 ...
Ref: Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials [mBio, 2015-11-10]The virus was found to be detectable on a mask surface even after 7 days.
... highly stable at 4ºC as well as in the pH range of 3 to 10. The virus was found to be detectable on a mask surface even after 7 days. These findings suggest a product design strategy to develop more appropriate masks for handling exhalations ...
Ref: Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic [Mater Today Chem, 2020-05-28]One recent study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 may remain viable and infectious on surfaces for days,
... by patients with SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as a likely medium of transmission (3) . One recent study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 may remain viable and infectious on surfaces for days, reminiscent of the nosocomial spread and fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-1 (4). Besides viruses, hospital environmental ...
Ref: Novel design for door handle—a potential technology to reduce hand contamination in the COVID-19 pandemic [Mater Today Chem, 2020-06-18]Human coronaviruses can remain infectious on inanimate surfaces for up to 9 days.
... Human coronaviruses can remain infectious on inanimate surfaces for up to 9 days. Surface disinfection with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite or 62e71% ethanol significantly reduces coronavirus infectivity on surfaces within 1 min exposure time. We expect a similar effect against the SARS-CoV-2. ...
Ref: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents [J Hosp Infect, 2020-02-06]Human coronaviruses can remain infectious on inanimate surfaces at room temperature for up to 9 days.
... Human coronaviruses can remain infectious on inanimate surfaces at room temperature for up to 9 days. At a temperature of 30 C or more the duration of persistence is shorter. Veterinary coronaviruses have been shown to persist even longer for 28 d. Contamination of frequent touch ...
Ref: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents [J Hosp Infect, 2020-02-06]After providing informed consent, patients were admitted to negative pressure isolation rooms.
... in Seoul, South Korea, approved the protocol, and we invited patients with COVID-19 to participate. After providing informed consent, patients were admitted to negative pressure isolation rooms. We compared disposable surgical masks (180 mm × 90 mm, 3 layers [inner surface mixed ...
Ref: Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS–CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients [Ann Intern Med, 2020-04-06]Infection studies showed that CoV can remain infectious on glass, plastic, iron and paper for hours to even a few days.
... a review on the persistence of coronaviruses on different types of surface materials [16] . Infection studies showed that CoV can remain infectious on glass, plastic, iron and paper for hours to even a few days. The studies were performed with non-SARS coronaviruses, but the results are likely to be similar ...
Ref: Coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2: filtering fact from fiction in the infodemic: Q&A with virologist Professor Urs Greber [FEBS Lett, 2020-04-09]We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA on 8 (36%) of 22 surfaces,
... 2 rooms of a quarantine hotel after 2 presymptomatic persons who stayed there were laboratory-confirmed as having coronavirus disease. We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA on 8 (36%) of 22 surfaces, as well as on the pillow cover, sheet, and duvet cover. ...
Ref: Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA on Surfaces in Quarantine Rooms. [Emerging infectious diseases, 2020-05-18]Various disinfectants and their roles are discussed from the available literature.
... reasons for its dramatic worldwide increase. Here, we have studied Coronavirus sustainability on various surfaces. Various disinfectants and their roles are discussed from the available literature. The infection capabilities of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 for different materials are discussed and finally studies ...
Ref: Sustainability of Coronavirus on different surfaces [Emerging infectious diseases, 2020]SARS CoV can retain its infectivity up to 2 weeks at low temperature and low humidity environment,
... well ventilated and these may well have reduced virus survival and this reduced nosocomial transmission. SARS CoV can retain its infectivity up to 2 weeks at low temperature and low humidity environment, which might facilitate the virus transmission in community as in Hong Kong which locates in ...
Ref: The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus [Adv Virol, 2011-10-01]SARS-CoV-2 may survive for a long time or replicate in the conjunctiva, after conjunctivitis signs vanished.
... and that there is a low risk of coronavirus spreading through tears [22] , nevertheless SARS-CoV-2 may survive for a long time or replicate in the conjunctiva, after conjunctivitis signs vanished. Therefore, eye protection (protective goggles alone or in association with face shield) are necessary to ...
Ref: The Ocular Surface and the Coronavirus Disease 2019: Does a Dual ‘Ocular Route’ Exist? [J Clin Med, 2020-04-28]It was reported that SARS-CoV-2 was still found in the Diamond Princess cruise ship 17 days after people disembarked.
... characteristics and propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols have been reported (Liu et al., 2020) . It was reported that SARS-CoV-2 was still found in the Diamond Princess cruise ship 17 days after people disembarked. Therefore, it is essential to understand the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in the ambient environment to ...
Ref: cord_uid xrgnt6l5 Optimal temperature zone for the dispersal of ... xrgnt6l5 Optimal temperature zone for the dispersal of ... Name: title, dtype: object [J Clin Med, cord_uid xrgnt6l5 2020-05-16 xrgnt6l5 2020-05-16 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]To date, a study on localization of amino acids involved in conformational changes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike surface glycoprotein structure is not available.
... spike surface glycoprotein might induce its conformational changes, which probably led to the changing antigenicity. To date, a study on localization of amino acids involved in conformational changes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike surface glycoprotein structure is not available. The identification of these amino acids is of significance and should be investigated by further ...
Ref: Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 [Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2020-07-31]SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces for up to 3 days;
... that the dental clinic is a safe environment for patients and workers at all times. SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces for up to 3 days; hence, door handles, light switches, and other potentially contaminated surfaces can be the vehicle of ...
Ref: COVID-19 outbreak: succinct advice for dentists and oral healthcare professionals [Clin Oral Investig, 2020-05-19]It may remain stable on surfaces for days (1) .
... SARS-CoV-2 is present in respiratory secretions and spreads through aerosolized particles (1) . It may remain stable on surfaces for days (1) . On the basis of this information, all types of in-person sexual activity probably carry risk for SARS-CoV-2 ...
Ref: Sexual Health in the SARS-CoV-2 Era [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-08]Many respiratory viruses survive for hours to days on surfaces,
... spread of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [2] [3] [4] Many respiratory viruses survive for hours to days on surfaces, [2] [3] [4] and respiratory virus nucleic acid has been recovered from surfaces in healthcare ...
Ref: Evaluation of an Electrostatic Spray Disinfectant Technology for Rapid Decontamination of Portable Equipment and Large Open Areas in the Era of SARS-CoV-2 [Am J Infect Control, 2020-06-06]Virus remains viable for at least 48 h on plastic and steel surfaces,
... in droplets [59] but modelling has also suggested the possibility of airborne spread [45] . Virus remains viable for at least 48 h on plastic and steel surfaces, presumably underpinning the extensive contamination of air and surfaces in hospitals housing patients with MERS ...
Ref: An Opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus [Viruses, 2017-12-02]So far, the survival of the novel Coronavirus out of the human body has been reported for short time periods (from hours to few days,
... surfaces, in order to assess the risk of contracting the viral infection from contaminated environments. So far, the survival of the novel Coronavirus out of the human body has been reported for short time periods (from hours to few days, in optimized in vitro conditions), mainly because of the need of an host organism which ...
Ref: Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces() [Environ Pollut, 2020-06-09]can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days,
... Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide ...
Ref: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents [J Hosp Infect, 2020]A recent review article suggests that coronaviruses could survive as long as 9 days depending on the surface and the type of coronavirus.
... a contaminated surface, another critical issue is how long the virus can survive on surfaces. A recent review article suggests that coronaviruses could survive as long as 9 days depending on the surface and the type of coronavirus. 18 Answers to these questions are essential to guidance on infection control and disinfection and ...
Ref: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: Responding to a Rapidly Evolving Situation [Obstet Gynecol, 2020-03-16]there were a total of 80 environmental samples collected from surfaces that may be contaminated, irrespective of prior disinfection and cleaning activities ( Table 1 ).
... To assess the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 within the congregate care facilities, there were a total of 80 environmental samples collected from surfaces that may be contaminated, irrespective of prior disinfection and cleaning activities ( Table 1 ). The testing was performed between the 4 th ...
Ref: Detection of Novel Coronavirus on the Surface of Environmental Materials Contaminated by COVID-19 Patients in the Republic of Korea [Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2020-06-19]HNE cells were then infected with coronavirus 229E, and viral titers in the airway surface liquid of the cells were examined.
... each of which has been used for the treatment of pancreatitis and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation. HNE cells were then infected with coronavirus 229E, and viral titers in the airway surface liquid of the cells were examined. Pretreatment with camostat (0.1-10 μg/mL) or nafamostat (0.01-1 μg/mL) reduced the titers of coronavirus 229E. ...
Ref: Protease Inhibitors: Candidate Drugs to Inhibit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication. [The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 2020]This virus could survive for several hours in feces and 3-4 days in urine.
... At room temperature, SARS-CoV-2 was stable on environmental surfaces and remained viable up to 7 days on smooth surfaces. This virus could survive for several hours in feces and 3-4 days in urine. ...
Ref: Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces and in human excreta [The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 2020-05-12]Progeny virus was released into the apical chamber at titers up to 5 logs higher than those recovered from the basolateral chambers of polarized cultures.
... virus through the apical rather than the basolateral surface showed high levels of viral replication. Progeny virus was released into the apical chamber at titers up to 5 logs higher than those recovered from the basolateral chambers of polarized cultures. Taken together, these results indicate that SARS-CoV almost exclusively entered and was released from the ...
Ref: Apical entry and release of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in polarized Calu-3 lung epithelial cells. [Journal of virology, 2005]Usually, viruses with pandemic potential like SARS-CoV-2 can survive for a long time on dry surfaces,
... Usually, viruses with pandemic potential like SARS-CoV-2 can survive for a long time on dry surfaces, resulting in a broad level of contamination in the environment. Therefore, improving the human behaviors to overcome the outbreak is urgently needed. We can speculate that human body fluids from ...
Ref: Body fluids may contribute to human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: evidence and practical experience [Chin Med, 2020-06-05]and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours.
... SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on cop-17 per and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours. In line with the above interpreta-18 tion and not unexpectedly, our findings cannot be compared ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care emergency unit [Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020-05-22]sometimes up to months.
... in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, ...
Ref: Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination() [J Hosp Infect, 2015-10-03]Overall, at the lab scale, HCoVs or surrogates can survive for several days at 4 °C,
... of water treatments. Field studies have monitored coronaviruses in surface waters, sewage, slurry, and biosolids. Overall, at the lab scale, HCoVs or surrogates can survive for several days at 4 °C, however their persistence is lower compared with non-enveloped viruses and is strongly influenced by temperature ...
Ref: Making waves: Coronavirus detection, presence and persistence in the water environment: State of the art and knowledge needs for public health [Water Res, 2020-05-05]the virus can remain viable and infectious on the surface up to seven days [15] .
... of the household may provide an additional contribution to virus transmission among family members as the virus can remain viable and infectious on the surface up to seven days [15] . However, the direct researchbased evidence describing exactly how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted is limited, and further ...
Ref: Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: a three-family cluster study in China [J Infect Dis, 2020-04-22]Until 2019, six strains of coronaviruses that are able to infect humans had been identified [1, 2] .
... can cause respiratory, intestinal, and central nervous system infections in humans and animals [1] . Until 2019, six strains of coronaviruses that are able to infect humans had been identified [1, 2] . Among them, four human coronaviruses, including HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoVHKU1, are not highly pathogenic ...
Ref: Molecular Mechanism of Evolution and Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2 [Viruses, 2020-04-10]the survival of the novel Coronavirus out of the human body has been reported for short time periods (from hours to few days,
... order to assess the risk of contracting the viral infection from contaminated environments. So far, the survival of the novel Coronavirus out of the human body has been reported for short time periods (from hours to few days, in optimized in vitro conditions), mainly because of the need of an host organism which ...
Ref: Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces() [Environ Pollut, 2020-06-09]In a lab-based experiment, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) was found to remain 105 infectious for 14 days at 4°C,
... found in the wastewater of hospitals treating COVID-19 patients (Wang et 104 al., 2020c) . In a lab-based experiment, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) was found to remain 105 infectious for 14 days at 4°C, and for 2 days at 20°C in hospital wastewater (Wang et al., 2005) . and ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples of quarantined households [Environ Pollut, 2020-06-02]virus half-life was significantly reduced from 31.6 min in the dark control group to approximately 2.4 min in simulated sunlight (81) .
... in these microcosm spaces (80) . In a study simulating sunlight on influenza virus aerosols, virus half-life was significantly reduced from 31.6 min in the dark control group to approximately 2.4 min in simulated sunlight (81) . In buildings, much of the sunlight spectrum is filtered through architectural window glass, and the ...
Ref: 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission [mSystems, 2020-04-07]Viruses stayed stable at 4 degrees C,
... in water were quite comparable, revealing reduction of infectivity after 72 to 96 h exposure. Viruses stayed stable at 4 degrees C, at room temperature (20 degrees C) and at 37 degrees C for at least 2 ...
Ref: Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation. [Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES, 2003]The recombinant spike (S) protein was stable under normal conditions and at 50 °C, pH = 1.5, or a high salt concentration.
... the following conditions: cells were induced with 50 ng/mL SppIP at 37 °C for 6-10 h. The recombinant spike (S) protein was stable under normal conditions and at 50 °C, pH = 1.5, or a high salt concentration. Recombinant L. plantarum may provide a promising food-grade oral vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. ...
Ref: A recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum strain expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 [Int J Biol Macromol, 2020]the virus can persist on surfaces for several days.
... unless proven otherwise. This is especially important because many dental procedures generate aerosols and because the virus can persist on surfaces for several days. The authors stated that during the current pandemic, treatment should only be provided when local, ...
Ref: Selections from the current literature [J Am Dent Assoc, 2020-04-17]CoV-229E can remain infectious on environmental surfaces, and potentially poses a biohazard by contact transmission.
CoV-229E can remain infectious on environmental surfaces, and potentially poses a biohazard by contact transmission.
Ref: Isolation and identification of human coronavirus 229E from frequently touched environmental surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily [Am J Infect Control, 2017-10-12]the virus appears to act like other coronaviruses and can survive on the surface for at least several hours (Parry 2004) .
... The significant concern about SARS-CoV-2 is its transmission (Dehghani and Kassiri 2020) . According to the WHO, there is no certainty about the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. However, the virus appears to act like other coronaviruses and can survive on the surface for at least several hours (Parry 2004) . ...
Ref: The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [AMB Express, 2020-05-15]Though no evidence for transmission of viral 237 infection from mother to child has been found, still the cloud of uncertainty persists [41] .
... et al., on pregnant women who were 236 confirmed to be infected with the SARS-CoV-2. Though no evidence for transmission of viral 237 infection from mother to child has been found, still the cloud of uncertainty persists [41] . 238 Understanding of this factor is highly important as pregnant mothers are relatively more Figure. ...
Ref: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2): A global pandemic and treatments strategies [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-06-10]Until now, seven coronaviruses have been identified as human-susceptible viruses,
... Until now, seven coronaviruses have been identified as human-susceptible viruses, among which HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 with low pathogenicity cause mild respiratory symptoms similar as the common cold. In contrast, the other three betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) lead ...
Ref: Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA binding domain reveals potential unique drug targeting sites [Acta Pharm Sin B, 2020-04-20]It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days [7] .
... density, the SARS-CoV-2 could be excreted by respiratory droplets or aerosols, contaminating the surrounding environment. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days [7] . If environmental disinfection is not thorough or effective, SARS-CoV-2 may spread widely and can even ...
Ref: Environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in a designated hospital for coronavirus disease 2019 [Am J Infect Control, 2020-05-12]The survival abilities on the surfaces of eight different materials and in water were quite comparable, revealing reduction of infectivity after 72 to 96 h exposure.
... remain alive in urine for at least 72 h with a low level of infectivity. The survival abilities on the surfaces of eight different materials and in water were quite comparable, revealing reduction of infectivity after 72 to 96 h exposure. Viruses stayed stable at 4 degrees C, at room temperature (20 degrees C) and at ...
Ref: Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation. [Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES, 2003]On average, the different coronaviruses persist in an infectious state on surfaces for several days, even up to nine.
... should be considered, since the latter could remain viable and infectious for hours or days. On average, the different coronaviruses persist in an infectious state on surfaces for several days, even up to nine. Surface disinfection could be performed with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite or 62%-71% ethanol for 1 minute. ...
Ref: COVID-19 Surface Persistence: A Recent Data Summary and Its Importance for Medical and Dental Settings [Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020-04-30]In 44 672 confirmed cases, 1023 died, with the crude death rate of 2.3%.
... In 44 672 confirmed cases, 1023 died, with the crude death rate of 2.3%. The report shows that by February 11, altogether 3019 medical staff had been affected by COVID-19 (including confirmed cases, suspected cases, clinically diagnosed cases and asymptomatic carriers, among which there ...
Ref: COVID‐19 indirect contact transmission through the oral mucosa must not be ignored [J Oral Pathol Med, 2020-05-10]still being detected on surfaces even after 72 hours.
... to different environmental conditions (e.g., air temperature, remains viable in aerosols for 3 hours, but still being detected on surfaces even after 72 hours. However, after 147 a specific time, the load of the virus is importantly reduced, e.g., ...
Ref: Safety of foods, food supply chain and environment within the COVID-19 pandemic [Trends Food Sci Technol, 2020-06-15]after 30 min exposure to BAC, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) found SARS-CoV RNA still present on the surface.
... able to reduce the replication of SARS-CoV after 5 min exposure (Table 1) . However, after 30 min exposure to BAC, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) found SARS-CoV RNA still present on the surface. This result was consistent against each type of disinfectant analyzed (ethanol, BAC, sodium hypochlorite, etc.) ...
Ref: Are Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, the Workhorse Disinfectants, Effective against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2? [ACS Infect Dis, 2020-05-15]No SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated from any of the samples.
... between cabins for symptomatic (15%, 28/189, Cq: 29.79-38.86) and asymptomatic cases (21%, 28/131, Cq: 26.21-38.99). No SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated from any of the samples. Interpretation The environment around the COVID-19 cases was extensively contaminated from SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19 outbreak ...
Ref: Environmental sampling for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak aboard a commercial cruise ship [ACS Infect Dis, 2020-05-08]The half-life of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 0.8 hours on copper to 6.8 hours on plastic.
... surfaces. van Doremalen et al. (2020) evaluated the surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV. The half-life of SARS-CoV-2 varied from 0.8 hours on copper to 6.8 hours on plastic. The authors also identified comparable environmental persistence between the two viruses (van Doremalen et al., ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs [Sci Total Environ, 2020-04-30]there are still no clinically confirmed cases and laboratory evidence of its infection through ocular surface tissue.
... issue of whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through ocular surface tissue has also aroused concerns, but there are still no clinically confirmed cases and laboratory evidence of its infection through ocular surface tissue. New research suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same genus as SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), ...
Ref: Investiagation of possible mechanism of eye transmission of SARS-CoV-2 based on SARS-CoV/ 从SARS冠状病毒探讨新型冠状病毒眼途径传播的可能机制 [Intern. Eye Sci., 2020]coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) was found to remain 105 infectious for 14 days at 4°C,
... of hospitals treating COVID-19 patients (Wang et 104 al., 2020c) . In a lab-based experiment, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) was found to remain 105 infectious for 14 days at 4°C, and for 2 days at 20°C in hospital wastewater (Wang et al., 2005) . and ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples of quarantined households [Intern. Eye Sci., 2020-06-02]In severe cases, patient may die due to massive alveolar damage and 43 progressive respiratory failure [1, 5] .
... cells of lung facilitating virus entry, replication and triggers cytokine 42 cascade mechanism [4] . In severe cases, patient may die due to massive alveolar damage and 43 progressive respiratory failure [1, 5] . The current detection process of SARS-CoV-2 carried out by 44 most countries is using real-time ...
Ref: A Computational Approach to Design Potential siRNA Molecules as a Prospective Tool for Silencing Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein and Surface Glycoprotein Gene of SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-04-21]Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions.
... Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions. In the present study, simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. Ninety percent of infectious virus was inactivated ...
Ref: Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces [J. infect. dis, 2020]SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected on various surfaces several weeks after they were last touched
... much lower than inferred from measurements of the viral genome (Woelfel et al., 2020) . SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected on various surfaces several weeks after they were last touched (Moriarty et al., 2020) , but infectiousness appears to degrade more quickly than RNA. When ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers [eLife, 2020-04-02]7 days on smooth surfaces such as steel and plastic.
... relative humidity of 65% for 4 days on surfaces such as glass and banknotes and 7 days on smooth surfaces such as steel and plastic. It also stays on rough surfaces such as fabric and wood for up to 2 ...
Ref: The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [AMB Express, 2020-05-15]Six cell cultures inoculated with samples collected on 4 different days displayed cytopathic effects within 3-11 days postinoculation.
... Six cell cultures inoculated with samples collected on 4 different days displayed cytopathic effects within 3-11 days postinoculation. Viral genomic RNA extracted from virions in spent culture media was identified as that of CoV-229E by the GenMark multiplex PCR eSensor XT-8 Respiratory Viral Panel. Desktops and the doorknob ...
Ref: Isolation and identification of human coronavirus 229E from frequently touched environmental surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily [Am J Infect Control, 2017-10-12]By day 10, this reduction had increased to 1.03 log 10 .
... stable (Table 4) , with no observed reductions until day 8 (0.36 log 10 ). By day 10, this reduction had increased to 1.03 log 10 . Even though the recovery efficiency of PV1 from strawberries (Table 1) was very low (0.06 ...
Ref: Survival of Respiratory Viruses on Fresh Produce [Food Environ Virol, 2013-05-17]The expression of ACE2 was found to have obvious positive expression in human corneal and conjunctival epithelium, and corneal endothelium.
... (ACE2), as SARS-CoV.And dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) or CD26 is the cell receptor for MERS-CoV. The expression of ACE2 was found to have obvious positive expression in human corneal and conjunctival epithelium, and corneal endothelium. DPP4 activity was presented in normal animal conjunctival epithelium and fibroblasts of the subjacent connective ...
Ref: Advance in research of beta coronavirus receptors on ocular surface/ 眼表β属冠状病毒受体的研究进展 [Zhonghua Shiyan Yanke Zazhi Chin. J. Exp. Ophthalmol., 2020]remained viable up to 7 days on smooth surfaces.
... At room temperature, SARS-CoV-2 was stable on environmental surfaces and remained viable up to 7 days on smooth surfaces. This virus could survive for several hours in feces and 3-4 days in urine. ...
Ref: Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces and in human excreta [Zhonghua Shiyan Yanke Zazhi Chin. J. Exp. Ophthalmol., 2020-05-12]After 48 hr, SARS-CoV S protein pseudotyped FIV was applied to the apical surface.
... do not express constitutive ACE2 with increasing MOIs of an adenoviral vector expressing human ACE2. After 48 hr, SARS-CoV S protein pseudotyped FIV was applied to the apical surface. The results showed that there was an inoculum-dependent increase in transduction of the ACE2 complemented ...
Ref: Infection of Human Airway Epithelia by Sars Coronavirus is Associated with ACE2 Expression and Localization [The Nidoviruses, 2006]nevertheless SARS-CoV-2 may survive for a long time or replicate in the conjunctiva, after conjunctivitis signs vanished.
... , and that there is a low risk of coronavirus spreading through tears [22] , nevertheless SARS-CoV-2 may survive for a long time or replicate in the conjunctiva, after conjunctivitis signs vanished. Therefore, eye protection (protective goggles alone or in association with face shield) are necessary to ...
Ref: The Ocular Surface and the Coronavirus Disease 2019: Does a Dual ‘Ocular Route’ Exist? [J Clin Med, 2020-04-28]but still being detected on surfaces even after 72 hours.
... exposed to different environmental conditions (e.g., air temperature, remains viable in aerosols for 3 hours, but still being detected on surfaces even after 72 hours. However, after 147 a specific time, the load of the virus is importantly reduced, e.g., ...
Ref: Safety of foods, food supply chain and environment within the COVID-19 pandemic [Trends Food Sci Technol, 2020-06-15]On day 4 post-infection, the cells were fixed with 10% formalin for 45 minutes and subsequently stained with crystal violet.
... Viral titers were measured by TCID50 on Vero Cells. 96-well plates with Vero cells were used for this assay. Each log10 dilution of the virus was inoculated in quadruplicates. On day 4 post-infection, the cells were fixed with 10% formalin for 45 minutes and subsequently stained with crystal violet. ...
Ref: Efficacy of a novel iodine complex solution, CupriDyne, in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-05-08]from hours to few days, in optimized in vitro conditions),
... novel Coronavirus out of the human body has been reported for short time periods ( from hours to few days, in optimized in vitro conditions), mainly because of the need of an host organism which could consent the viral attack, ...
Ref: Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces() [Environ Pollut, 2020-06-09]processes Their expression in the cells of ocular surface may be an access route of corona virus in eye,
... animal with severe injured corneas The two receptors, ACE2 and DPP4, involve in many cellular signaling pathways and pathophysiological processes Their expression in the cells of ocular surface may be an access route of corona virus in eye, which provides clues to elucidating the pathogenesis of corona virus in the eyeballs ...
Ref: Advance in research of beta coronavirus receptors on ocular surface [Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophthalmology, 2020]This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease.
... surface cells including conjunctiva are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and could therefore serve as a portal of entry as well as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission of this virus. This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease. ...
Ref: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection [bioRxiv, 2020-05-09]One surface glycoprotein fragment of 111 amino acids is the largest, conserved, common permutation in the examined bat SARS-like and human SARS viruses,
... and human SARS coronaviruses. This strongly supports the bat origin of the pandemic, novel coronavirus. One surface glycoprotein fragment of 111 amino acids is the largest, conserved, common permutation in the examined bat SARS-like and human SARS viruses, including the Covid-19 virus. BLAST analysis confirmed that this fragment is conserved only in the ...
Ref: Comparative analysis of Coronaviridae nucleocapsid and surface glycoprotein sequences. [Frontiers in bioscience, 2020-06-01]At a temperature of 30 C or more the duration of persistence is shorter.
... coronaviruses can remain infectious on inanimate surfaces at room temperature for up to 9 days. At a temperature of 30 C or more the duration of persistence is shorter. Veterinary coronaviruses have been shown to persist even longer for 28 d. Contamination of frequent ...
Ref: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents [J Hosp Infect, 2020-02-06]The much longer integration time of 7 days for the deposition sample has contributed to the accumulation of virus sediment.
... The much longer integration time of 7 days for the deposition sample has contributed to the accumulation of virus sediment. The area normalized deposition rate inside the ICU room is calculated to be 31 and 113 copies m -2 hour -1 . The sample with the higher deposition rate was ...
Ref: Aerodynamic Characteristics and RNA Concentration of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol in Wuhan Hospitals during COVID-19 Outbreak [bioRxiv, 2020-03-10]Otter and his colleagues found that SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses can survive on environmental surfaces up to 6 days [5] .
... including the toilet bowl, sink, and door handle. Stool samples were also positive for SARS-CoV-2. Otter and his colleagues found that SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses can survive on environmental surfaces up to 6 days [5] . Furthermore, it is not uncommon that healthcare workers, including ophthalmologists, may overlook the importance of ...
Ref: Reply to “Does hand hygiene reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission?” [Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2020-03-28]have been reported to remain viable on inanimate surfaces such as glass, plastic or metal for up to nine days,
... Other coronaviruses such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and SARS-CoV-1, have been reported to remain viable on inanimate surfaces such as glass, plastic or metal for up to nine days, but can be inactivated by alcohol solutions, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite. 6, 7 Coronavirus viability could, ...
Ref: COVID-19 pandemic and the stethoscope: don't forget to sanitize [Heart Lung, 2020-04-11]Results normally return within 1 min.
... range of hydropathicity (GRAVY) Trans-membrane sequence prediction SOSUI tools from EXPASY repository are used for predicting transmembrane. Results normally return within 1 min. It provides the following production number of TMHs with sequence and protein type ...
Ref: Bioinformatics Study on Structural Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) For Better Understanding the Vaccine Development [bioRxiv, 2020-04-23]Currently the potential extra-respiratory transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear.
... need for multiple studies identifying the molecular mechanisms that facilitate the viral entry and propagation. Currently the potential extra-respiratory transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. METHODS: Using single-cell RNA Seq and ATAC-Seq datasets and immunohistochemical analysis, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 tropism ...
Ref: Co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the superficial adult human conjunctival, limbal and corneal epithelium suggests an additional route of entry via the ocular surface [Ocular surf, 2020]Further studies are needed to measure environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 carriers and decide on reasonable isolation periods.
... testing was performed to search for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination by an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carrier with persistently high viral loads under isolation. No evidence of environmental contamination was found. Further studies are needed to measure environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 carriers and decide on reasonable isolation periods. ...
Ref: Environmental Surface Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during Prolonged Isolation of an Asymptomatic Carrier. [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2020-06-16]many such peptides could be attached to the surfaces of nanoparticle carriers.
... specific and stable binding (blocking) to SARS-CoV-2. To provide a multivalent binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptors, many such peptides could be attached to the surfaces of nanoparticle carriers. The proposed peptide inhibitors could provide simple and efficient therapeutics against the COVID-19 disease. ...
Ref: Computational Design of ACE2-Based Peptide Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 [ACS Nano, 2020]Persistence time on inanimate surfaces varied from minutes to up to one month,
... such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Persistence time on inanimate surfaces varied from minutes to up to one month, depending on the environmental conditions. SARS-CoV-2 can be sustained in air in closed unventilated buses ...
Ref: Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments [World J Clin Cases, 2020-04-26]remains viable in the air for up to 3 hours (6) .
... not only survives on various surfaces for sustained periods of time (5) , but also remains viable in the air for up to 3 hours (6) . Despite these rapid developments, the key COVID-19 transmission routes still remain debated (7) , and ...
Ref: Exhaled breath is a significant source of SARS-CoV-2 emission [World J Clin Cases, 2020-06-02]SARS-CoV-2 survives in aerosols and on surfaces from hours to days, respectively [4].
... person with COVID-19 infects approximately 2.2 close contacts, and asymptomatic transmission has been reported [2,3]. SARS-CoV-2 survives in aerosols and on surfaces from hours to days, respectively [4]. Therefore, we believe non-clinical areas are potentially high-risk for transmission between healthcare workers, and often ...
Ref: Infection control in non‐clinical areas during the COVID‐19 pandemic [Anaesthesia, 2020-04-19]there were a total of 80 environmental samples collected from surfaces that may be contaminated,
... To assess the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 within the congregate care facilities, there were a total of 80 environmental samples collected from surfaces that may be contaminated, irrespective of prior disinfection and cleaning activities ( Table 1 ). The testing was performed between the ...
Ref: Detection of Novel Coronavirus on the Surface of Environmental Materials Contaminated by COVID-19 Patients in the Republic of Korea [Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2020-06-19]The half-life time of the virus varies from 2 hours to 10 hours depending on the surface type.
... is more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard [3] . The half-life time of the virus varies from 2 hours to 10 hours depending on the surface type. To evaluate the effect of SARS-COV-2 persistence on its transmission dynamics, we compare the output ...
Ref: A hybrid multi-scale model of COVID-19 transmission dynamics to assess the potential of non-pharmaceutical interventions [Chaos Solitons Fractals, 2020-06-04]4 days on surfaces such as glass and banknotes and 7 days on smooth surfaces such as steel and plastic.
... the virus remains stable at temperatures of 22 oC and relative humidity of 65% for 4 days on surfaces such as glass and banknotes and 7 days on smooth surfaces such as steel and plastic. It also stays on rough surfaces such as fabric and wood for up to 2 ...
Ref: The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [AMB Express, 2020-05-15]Dacron swabs were aseptically collected from the surfaces of 13 hospital function zones, five major objects, and three major PPE.
... Wuhan in the mist of the COVID-19 outbreak between February 7 - February 27, 2020. Dacron swabs were aseptically collected from the surfaces of 13 hospital function zones, five major objects, and three major PPE. The SARS-CoV-2 RNAs were detected by reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS: The most contaminated zones were the ...
Ref: Environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare premises [J. infect, 2020]The ocular surface swabs from both eyes was taken within 7 days after the diagnosis of COVID-19,
... The ocular surface swabs from both eyes was taken within 7 days after the diagnosis of COVID-19, by putting a sterile cottonwool stick into the deep lower fornix of each patient"s eye after a single drop of topical anesthetic agent (1% amethocaine eye drops) was applied. All ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 in the ocular surface of COVID-19 patients [Eye Vis (Lond), 2020-04-26]Given the global health emergency, drug repositioning is the most reliable option to design an efficient therapy for infected patients without delay.
... recent emergence of the novel pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a worldwide pandemic. Given the global health emergency, drug repositioning is the most reliable option to design an efficient therapy for infected patients without delay. The first step of the viral replication cycle [i.e. attachment to the surface of respiratory ...
Ref: Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020]We found that the half-life of HCoV-19 on cardboard is longer than the half-life of SARS-CoV-1.
We found that the half-life of HCoV-19 on cardboard is longer than the half-life of SARS-CoV-1.
Ref: Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1 [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-03-10]It also stays on rough surfaces such as fabric and wood for up to 2 days (Chin et al. 2020) .
... as glass and banknotes and 7 days on smooth surfaces such as steel and plastic. It also stays on rough surfaces such as fabric and wood for up to 2 days (Chin et al. 2020) . Another investigation, which examined environmental levels of SARS-CoV-2 virus in hospital centers, found that the ...
Ref: The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [AMB Express, 2020-05-15]The surfaces show an exponential decay in the viability of the virus.
... surface stability, which is the time duration of a material that can hold the virus. The surfaces show an exponential decay in the viability of the virus. The coronavirus can sustain up to 72 h on surfaces like plastic and steel, whereas ...
Ref: Surface Alterations to Impart Antiviral Properties to Combat COVID-19 Transmission [Trans Indian Natl, 2020-05-14]36 months prior to submission of the work.
... promised to be paid) directly to you or your institution on your behalf over the 36 months prior to submission of the work. This should include all monies from sources with relevance to the submitted work, not just ...
Ref: Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 [N Engl J Med, 2020-03-17]Whether the virus will persist in human populations with recurrent bouts of outbreaks, like influenza or other emerging infections,
... impact on countless people"s lives, we do not know for certainty what the future holds. Whether the virus will persist in human populations with recurrent bouts of outbreaks, like influenza or other emerging infections, attenuate after accumulating mutations to the likes of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E common cold CoVs, or ...
Ref: Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen with Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission: A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review [Gastroenterology, 2020-04-27]