¿Que evidencia hay sobre el valor de la hidroxicloroquina para tratar el Covid-19?

(What evidence is there for the value of hydroxychloroquine in treating covid-19?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting.

CONCLUSION Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting.

Small studies have shown a potential benefit of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine ± azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19.

We sought evidence to support or refute the hypothesis that these drugs could show efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19.

The authors claimed that chloroquine was superior to standard of care treatment in helping reduce time to clinical recovery and improving lung imaging findings;

Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting.

... virologic clearance benefits with chloroquine. LIMITATION: There were few controlled studies, and control for confounding was inadequate in observational studies. CONCLUSION: Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for Treatment or Prophylaxis of COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review [Ann. intern. med, 2020]

CONCLUSION Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting.

... and virologic clearance benefits with chloroquine. LIMITATION There were few controlled studies, and control for confounding was inadequate in observational studies. CONCLUSION Evidence on the benefits and harms of using hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19 is very weak and conflicting. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for Treatment or Prophylaxis of COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review. [Annals of internal medicine, 2020-05-27]

Small studies have shown a potential benefit of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine ± azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19.

... Background - The novel SARs-CoV-2 coronavirus is responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Small studies have shown a potential benefit of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine ± azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19. Use of these medications alone, or in combination, can lead to a prolongation of the QT interval, ...

Ref: The Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. [Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 2020-04-29]

We sought evidence to support or refute the hypothesis that these drugs could show efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19.

... treatment of COVID-19 by determining the prevalence of COVID-19 in malaria pandemic and non-pandemic nations. We sought evidence to support or refute the hypothesis that these drugs could show efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed in vitro studies, in vivo studies, original studies, clinical trials, ...

Ref: Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 [Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2020]

The authors claimed that chloroquine was superior to standard of care treatment in helping reduce time to clinical recovery and improving lung imaging findings;

... inpatient studies in China and reported patient improvement with the use of chloroquine [48] . The authors claimed that chloroquine was superior to standard of care treatment in helping reduce time to clinical recovery and improving lung imaging findings; however, no data supporting these findings were published, and no clinical information, including the severity ...

Ref: Review: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [Open Forum Infect Dis, 2020-04-15]

Lopinavir-ritonavir was associated with more rapid viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine in mild to moderate COVID-19,

... vs 21 days) Lymphopenia and hyperbilirubinemia were more frequent in lopinavir-ritonavir-treated patients compared with hydroxychloroquine-treated patients CONCLUSIONS: Lopinavir-ritonavir was associated with more rapid viral clearance than hydroxychloroquine in mild to moderate COVID-19, despite comparable clinical responses These findings should be confirmed in randomized, controlled trials ...

Ref: Lopinavir-ritonavir versus hydroxychloroquine for viral clearance and clinical improvement in patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 [The Korean journal of internal medicine, 2020]

Increasing evidence obtained from completed clinical studies indicates the prospects for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19.

... and hydroxychloroquine have garnered considerable attention for their potential to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Increasing evidence obtained from completed clinical studies indicates the prospects for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. More randomized control clinical studies are warranted to determine the feasibility of these two drugs ...

Ref: Update on use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [Bioscience trends, 2020-04-13]

The outcomes of this research strongly appeal for in vivo trials of Hydroxychloroquine for the patients infected with Covid-19.

... binding energy -7.28 kcal/mol than Chloroquine (-6.30 kcal/mol) at SARS-CoV-2 receptor recognition of susceptible cells. The outcomes of this research strongly appeal for in vivo trials of Hydroxychloroquine for the patients infected with Covid-19. Furthermore, the recommended doses of Hydroxychloroquine may reduce the chances of catching Covid-19 to the ...

Ref: Docking study of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-An in silico insight into the comparative efficacy of repurposing antiviral drugs [J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020]

The WHO and the FDA have not found adequate evidence to recommend any specific medication for the treatment of Covid-19.

... to procure and self-medicate with hydroxychloroquine, which has been addressed by the National Task Force. The WHO and the FDA have not found adequate evidence to recommend any specific medication for the treatment of Covid-19. While further evidence is awaited, including from trials registered with the FDA and the ICMR, ...

Ref: The ICMR bulletin on targeted hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for Covid-19: Need to interpret with caution. [Indian journal of medical ethics, 2020]

There is extremely limited evidence of a possible synergy between azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine.

... outside of the context of clinical trials, unless it is used to treat bacterial super-infection. There is extremely limited evidence of a possible synergy between azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. The adverse events profile of azithromycin in the context of COVID-19 has not yet been ...

Ref: Should azithromycin be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review [Indian journal of medical ethics, 2020]

Hydroxychloroquine had earned a reputation for potential promising role in COVID-19 [42] .

... Hydroxychloroquine had earned a reputation for potential promising role in COVID-19 [42] . Increasing number of studies had been conducted and published [28, 32, 37, 40] . Recently, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were demonstrated to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro (EC50=5.47%µM, EC50=0.72%µM, respectively) [32, 43] ...

Ref: Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19 - lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis [Pharmacol Res, 2020-04-30]

There is adequate evidence of drug safety from the long-time clinical use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in other indications.

... experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. There is adequate evidence of drug safety from the long-time clinical use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in other indications. More data from ongoing and future trials will add more insight into the role of ...

Ref: Role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection- A Systematic Literature Review [Pharmacol Res, 2020-03-30]

There is a strong rationality for the use of chloroquine to treat infections with intracellular micro-organisms.

... in the recommendations regarding the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia [4 , 6] . There is a strong rationality for the use of chloroquine to treat infections with intracellular micro-organisms. Thus, malaria has been treated for several decades with this molecule [7] . In addition, ...

Ref: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19 [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-03-04]

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have shown promising efficacy against COVID-19 related pneumonia in clinical studies.

... repositioning of old medicines seems the most responsible strategy for potential cure and prevention COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have shown promising efficacy against COVID-19 related pneumonia in clinical studies. However, the mode of drug action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection is not ...

Ref: A systematic review protocol of the antiviral activity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-06-16]

Each of these drug regimens was associated with decreased in-hospital survival and an increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias when used for treatment of COVID-19.

... of de-novo ventricular arrhythmia during hospitalisation. INTERPRETATION: We were unable to confirm a benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, when used alone or with a macrolide, on in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19. Each of these drug regimens was associated with decreased in-hospital survival and an increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias when used for treatment of COVID-19. ...

Ref: RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis [Lancet, 2020]

Some preliminary evidences have demonstrated controversial results regarding efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19.

... clinical evidences of the role of azithromycin in acute respiratory distress syndrome and against MERS. Some preliminary evidences have demonstrated controversial results regarding efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. Firstly, a French trial demonstrated 100% of virological negativization of six patients treated with azithromycin ...

Ref: Macrolides and viral infections: focus on azithromycin in COVID-19 pathology [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020]

Toxicity from hydroxychloroquine manifests with cardiac conduction abnormalities, seizure activity, and muscle weakness.

... and chloroquine to treat COVID-19 disease has potentially triggered a number of overdoses from hydroxychloroquine. Toxicity from hydroxychloroquine manifests with cardiac conduction abnormalities, seizure activity, and muscle weakness. Recognizing this toxidrome and unique management of this toxicity is important in the COVID-19 pandemic. ...

Ref: Intentional Hydroxychloroquine Overdose Treated with High-Dose Diazepam: an Increasing Concern in the COVID-19 Pandemic [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020]

Strong evidence to support the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 is lacking.

... and fatigue. Outcomes most commonly reported were improved lung function, viral clearance, and hospital discharge. Strong evidence to support the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 is lacking. Fast track trials are riddled with bias and may not conform to rigorous guidelines which ...

Ref: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine effectiveness in human subjects during coronavirus: a systematic review [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-05-11]

More clinical trials are being conducted for further confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these agents in treating COVID-19.

... urgent need and are being investigated vigorously worldwide. This review summarizes the current evidence of potential therapeutic agents, such as lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and sarilumab. More clinical trials are being conducted for further confirmation of the efficacy and safety of these agents in treating COVID-19. ...

Ref: Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far [J Chin Med Assoc, 2020]

Hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with a decreased mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 through attenuation of inflammatory cytokine storm.

... the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with a decreased mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 through attenuation of inflammatory cytokine storm. Therefore, hydroxychloroquine should be prescribed for treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients to save lives. ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine application is associated with a decreased mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 [J Chin Med Assoc, 2020-05-01]

hydroxychloroquine administration was not associated with either a greatly lowered or an increased risk of the composite end point of intubation or death.

... In this observational study involving patients with Covid-19 who had been admitted to the hospital, hydroxychloroquine administration was not associated with either a greatly lowered or an increased risk of the composite end point of intubation or death. Randomized, controlled trials of hydroxychloroquine in patients with Covid-19 are needed. (Funded by the National ...

Ref: Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 [N. Engl. j. med, 2020]

They found that the QTc was prolonged maximally after 3-4 days from the beginning of treatment,

... recently looked at 84 COVID-19 infected patients who were administered a hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination (24) . They found that the QTc was prolonged maximally after 3-4 days from the beginning of treatment, and in 25 patients the QTc increased more than 40ms. They also found that in ...

Ref: COVID-19 research has overall low methodological quality thus far: case in point for chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine [J Clin Epidemiol, 2020-04-21]

Both medications prolong the QT interval and accordingly may put patients at increased risk for torsades de pointes and sudden death.

... Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are now being widely used for treatment of COVID-19. Both medications prolong the QT interval and accordingly may put patients at increased risk for torsades de pointes and sudden death. Published guidance documents vary in their recommendations for monitoring and managing these potential adverse effects. Accordingly, we set ...

Ref: QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden death with short courses of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as used in COVID-19: A systematic review [Heart rhythm, 2020]

chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are under investigation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for COVID-19.

... the National Health Commission of the People"s Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19. Presently, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are under investigation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for COVID-19. The first COVID-19 vaccine is not expected to be ready for clinical trials before the ...

Ref: Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status [Infect Genet Evol, 2020]

Data regarding the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 are limited.

... Data regarding the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 are limited. One clinical trial, that has not been peer reviewed, suggests that in patients with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, 25 out of 31 who received hydroxychloroquine clinically improved after 5 ...

Ref: COVID-19: Therapeutics and Their Toxicities [J Med Toxicol, 2020-04-30]

Hydroxychloroquine, the derivative of Chloroquine shows better inhibition than Chloroquine

... the drugs have been tried. Chloroquine is being widely used in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hydroxychloroquine, the derivative of Chloroquine shows better inhibition than Chloroquine and has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 also used to treat COVID-19. To study the ...

Ref: In-silico strategies for probing chloroquine based inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 [J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020]

Safety data in this specific population is largely unknown.

... Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are both used to treat COVID-19. Safety data in this specific population is largely unknown. In particular, cardiologic, gastro-intestinal and neuropsychiatric side-effects of (hydroxychloroquine) needs special attention in COVID-19 patients. ...

Ref: Safety considerations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment of COVID-19 [Clin Microbiol Infect, 2020-05-16]

Hydroxychloroquine has been promoted for its use in treatment of COVID-19 patients based on in-vitro evidences.

... Hydroxychloroquine has been promoted for its use in treatment of COVID-19 patients based on in-vitro evidences. We searched the databases to include randomized and observational studies evaluating the effect of Hydroxychloroquine on mortality in COVID-19 patients. The outcome was summarized as odds ratios (OR) with a ...

Ref: Does Adding of Hydroxychloroquine to the Standard Care Provide any Benefit in Reducing the Mortality among COVID-19 Patients?: a Systematic Review [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2020-06-09]

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are widely used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients primarily based on antiviral activity in in vitro studies.

... BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are widely used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients primarily based on antiviral activity in in vitro studies. Our objective was to systematically evaluate their efficacy and safety in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We systematically reviewed PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Medrxviv for studies of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine ...

Ref: Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine for COVID-19: A systematic review [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2020-05-26]

RESULTS There is limited evidence of in vitro activity of CQ/HCQ against SARS-CoV-2.

... 2020. A further search was conducted in Google for relevant literature on 28 March 2020. RESULTS There is limited evidence of in vitro activity of CQ/HCQ against SARS-CoV-2. A number of in vivo clinical trials are underway. The empirical data available from two ...

Ref: Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review. [BJGP open, 2020-04-07]

Current evidence about efficacy and harms for use in the context of COVID-19 is sparse, conflicting, and from low quality studies,

... are known harms of these medications when used to treat other diseases (5, 6) . Current evidence about efficacy and harms for use in the context of COVID-19 is sparse, conflicting, and from low quality studies, increasing the uncertainty and lowering our confidence in the conclusions of these studies when assessing ...

Ref: Should Clinicians Use Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine Alone or in Combination With Azithromycin for the Prophylaxis or Treatment of COVID-19? Living Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 1) [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-13]

In vitro studies have shown that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective at inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 infection,

... and hydroxychloroquine, which are well-established medications predominantly used to treat malaria, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In vitro studies have shown that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective at inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 infection, with the latter appearing to have more potent antiviral activity [10, 11] . Thus, repositioning ...

Ref: Systematic benefit-risk assessment for the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19: Establishing a framework for rapid decision-making [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-12]

As a result of in vitro evidence suggesting zinc sulfate may be efficacious against COVID-19,

... therapies and means of prophylaxis against COVID-19 are urgently needed to combat this novel infection. As a result of in vitro evidence suggesting zinc sulfate may be efficacious against COVID-19, our hospitals began using zinc sulfate as add-on therapy to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. We performed ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-08]

This study provides outstanding results for the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin over the standard of care,

... of care for the treatment of COVID-19 were recently published by Philippe Gautret et al. This study provides outstanding results for the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin over the standard of care, but the evidence was deemed insufficiently robust to warrant a public health decision to widen ...

Ref: Commentary on “Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open label non-randomized clinical trial” by Gautret et al [J Mark Access Health Policy, 2020-05-13]

Hydroxychloroquine does not seem to be an appropriate therapy for post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19.

... care unit and no patient died during the episode. Conclusions: The incidence and severity of COVID-19 among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxychloroquine was not significantly different. Hydroxychloroquine does not seem to be an appropriate therapy for post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19. ...

Ref: Similar incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxychloroquine therapy [J Mark Access Health Policy, 2020-05-20]

Hydroxychloroquine is believed to disrupt vesicle function in the parasite by increasing the pH.

... as anti-malarial agents and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) in conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine is believed to disrupt vesicle function in the parasite by increasing the pH. It also arrests various erythrocytes stages of the plasmodium to exert its anti-malarial effect. It ...

Ref: Searching an Effective Therapy for the Coronavirus Pandemic: Do We See Light at the End of the Tunnel? [Cureus, 2020-03-25]

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2,

... BACKGROUND: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads. PATIENTS AND METHODS: French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020]

Nitazoxanide has powerful antiviral effects and proven efficacy against a range of viruses including SARS and MERS.

... currently being used in multiple trials with varying doses in an attempt to treat COVID-19. Nitazoxanide has powerful antiviral effects and proven efficacy against a range of viruses including SARS and MERS. Dual therapy by combining appropriate doses of these two medications with diverse activities against COVID-19 ...

Ref: Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine vs Hydroxychloroquine + Nitazoxanide in COVID-19 patients with risk factors for poor prognosis: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial [Trials, 2020-06-08]

Her admission chest radiograph revealed a multifocal pneumonia and a nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for COVID-19.

... with paroxysmal AF presented with several days of shortness of breath, cough, fevers, and chills. Her admission chest radiograph revealed a multifocal pneumonia and a nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for COVID-19. She was admitted to a non-telemetry floor with a cohort of other COVID-19 patients. Her ...

Ref: Inpatient use of mobile continuous telemetry for COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin [HeartRhythm Case Rep, 2020-04-01]

Several studies have reported no benefit of Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine,

... and the increased risk of these complications when combined with some antibiotics such as azithromycin. Several studies have reported no benefit of Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, when used alone or with a macrolide in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Despite these warnings, in ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine/ chloroquine as a treatment choice or prophylaxis for Covid-19 at the primary care level in developing countries: A Primum non Nocere dilemma. [Journal of the neurological sciences, 2020-06-03]

hydroxychloroquine use in Covid-19 patients has been associated with cardiac toxicity.

... might be attributable to drug effects on or dysfunction in non-respiratory vital organ systems. Indeed, hydroxychloroquine use in Covid-19 patients has been associated with cardiac toxicity. 4 Hydroxychloroquine has been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro with a 50% maximal ...

Ref: Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19 [medRxiv, 2020-04-23]

The use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in COVID-19 is based on widespread publicity of small,

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

Accumulating scientific reports have proposed and highlighted the possible different modes of actions of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, particularly, against viral infections.

... the COVID-19. Scientific information currently available suggests that reports of several clinical trials are suggesting that the age-old antimalarial drug, CQ/HCQ could be a potent therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. Accumulating scientific reports have proposed and highlighted the possible different modes of actions of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, particularly, against viral infections. ...

Ref: A review on possible modes of actions of Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine: Repurposing against SAR-COV-2 (COVID 19) pandemic [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-05-22]

This motivated us to perform a systematic study on some anti-malarial drugs using molecular docking and reinvestigate their biological activities and pharmacological effects.

... [12] that hydroxychloroquine added with azithromycin is very effective in the treatment of the COVID-19. This motivated us to perform a systematic study on some anti-malarial drugs using molecular docking and reinvestigate their biological activities and pharmacological effects. Such studies become important as they offer some insights into structure-based drug design. Recently, Lin ...

Ref: In Silico Investigations on the Potential Inhibitors for COVID-19 Protease [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-03-24]

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are usually safe and well tolerated in normal dosage but can be extremely toxic in overdose.

... Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are usually safe and well tolerated in normal dosage but can be extremely toxic in overdose. Potential adverse effects that should be considered before prescribing include prolongation of the QT interval (especially in pre-existing cardiac disease or if combined with azithromycin), hypo-glycemia, neuropsychiatric effects, drug-drug interactions ...

Ref: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine effectiveness in human subjects during coronavirus: a systematic review [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-05-11]

With benefit evaluations underway, safety concerns due to potential additive effects on QTc prolongation should be addressed.

... Abstract Background Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (chloroquine) plus azithromycin is considered as therapy for COVID19. With benefit evaluations underway, safety concerns due to potential additive effects on QTc prolongation should be addressed. Objective We compared risk of cardiac adverse events between combinations of chloroquine and azithromycin and chloroquine ...

Ref: An evaluation of co-use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin on cardiac outcomes: A pharmacoepidemiological study to inform use during the COVID19 pandemic [Res Social Adm Pharm, 2020-04-30]

More randomized control clinical studies are warranted to determine the feasibility of these two drugs in treating COVID-19.

Ref: Update on use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [Bioscience trends, 2020-04-13]

Hydroxychloroquine can effectively treat disease manifestations, such as joint pain and rashes; reduce thrombotic events; and prolong survival.

... treat immune-mediated diseases is not. For example, HCQ is a cornerstone of therapy for SLE. Hydroxychloroquine can effectively treat disease manifestations, such as joint pain and rashes; reduce thrombotic events; and prolong survival. Of note, landmark clinical trials have demonstrated that the withdrawal of HCQ can lead to ...

Ref: Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Every Clinician Should Know [Ann Intern Med, 2020-03-31]

Both medications prolong the QT interval and accordingly may put patients at increased risk of torsades de pointes and sudden death.

... Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are now being widely used as treatments for COVID-19. Both medications prolong the QT interval and accordingly may put patients at increased risk of torsades de pointes and sudden death. Published guidance documents vary in their recommendations for monitoring and managing these potential adverse effects. Accordingly, we set ...

Ref: QT prolongation, torsades de pointes and sudden death with short courses of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as used in COVID-19: a systematic review [Heart Rhythm, 2020-05-11]

Their results indicate an absence of benefit of 4-aminoquinoline-based treatments in this population and suggest that they could even be harmful.

... with or without a macrolide, in a very large sample of hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Their results indicate an absence of benefit of 4-aminoquinoline-based treatments in this population and suggest that they could even be harmful. It is tempting to attribute the increased risk of in-hospital deaths to the higher observed ...

Ref: Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: why might they be hazardous? [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

Some experts think hydroxychloroquine is a promising start for the treatment of COVID-19related pneumonia.

... the urgent need for prompt anti-viral treatment and preliminary in vitro and in vivo data. Some experts think hydroxychloroquine is a promising start for the treatment of COVID-19related pneumonia. The drug"s anti-coronavirus activity has been demonstrated. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Hydroxychloroquine appears ...

Ref: When there is a pandemic there is no time to waste: should we have hydroxychloroquine in our armoury against COVID-19 infected patients? [Mediterr J Rheumatol, 2020-03-31]

Hydroxychloroquine has been found to be more potent than chloroquine to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro [3]

... virus spread has been reported with chloroquine prior to or after SARS-CoV-2 infection [2] . Hydroxychloroquine has been found to be more potent than chloroquine to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro [3] and a recent report suggested that 70% of 20 non-ICU hydroxychloroquine-treated patients had negative PCR ...

Ref: Lack of viral clearance by the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or lopinavir and ritonavir in SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome [Ann Intensive Care, 2020-05-24]

Hydroxychloroquine (a chloroquine analog) has both antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities.

... Hydroxychloroquine (a chloroquine analog) has both antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities. It is used for the treatment of malaria, arthritis (rheumatoid), porphyria cutanea tarda, systemic lupus erythematosus, dengue and has somewhat higher potency against the COVID-19 [16] . The safety profile ...

Ref: COVID-19 and therapeutic drugs repurposing in hand: the need for collaborative efforts [Le Pharmacien Hospitalier et Clinicien, 2020-06-13]

The balance between uncertain benefit and potential risk when treating COVID-19 patients should be carefully assessed.

... ms versus 0.5±40 ms; P=0.07). No patients manifested torsades de pointes. Conclusions Overall, 12% of patients manifested critical QTc prolongation, and the combination caused greater prolongation than either drug alone. The balance between uncertain benefit and potential risk when treating COVID-19 patients should be carefully assessed. ...

Ref: Experience With Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Implications for QT Interval Monitoring [J Am Heart Assoc, 2020]

Million and colleagues validate the legitimacy of considering hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin in treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

... With an observational study, Million and colleagues validate the legitimacy of considering hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin in treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, data from other studies raise a cry for caution, especially if considering giving this treatment to individuals who might have an underlying arrhythmia. With time, ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin for COVID-19 – Warranted or dangerous? [Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020-05-30]

In France, 26 COVID-19 patients were treated for 6 days with hydroxychloroquine (200 mg, three times per day).

... have yet been released to support this announcement, making it impossible to draw firm conclusions. In France, 26 COVID-19 patients were treated for 6 days with hydroxychloroquine (200 mg, three times per day). 13 Six of these patients also received azithromycin. Sixteen patients were used as the control ...

Ref: Medical treatment options for COVID-19 [Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 2020-05-04]

Chloroquine and its derivative hydroxychloroquine have traditionally been used for the treatment of malaria and certain autoimmune diseases;

... Chloroquine and its derivative hydroxychloroquine have traditionally been used for the treatment of malaria and certain autoimmune diseases; however, the drugs have possible activity against SARS-CoV 1 and SARS-CoV 2 in vitro and in clinical practice, respectively. A study conducted in 2005 found that chloroquine"s ability to elevate ...

Ref: Pharmacotherapy in COVID-19; A narrative review for emergency providers [Am J Emerg Med, 2020-04-15]

Because there are currently no efficacy data available for hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19, additional consideration should be given to the optimal dosing strategy.

... Because there are currently no efficacy data available for hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19, additional consideration should be given to the optimal dosing strategy. We use the following example to illustrate this point. If one were to consider these 2 compounds to be equally potent (identical EC 50 values) and utilize the PBPK data ...

Ref: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options [Open Forum Infect Dis, 2020-03-23]

based on thin evidence of efficacy,

... and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization (EUA) for two malaria drugs to treat COVID-19, based on thin evidence of efficacy, has jeopardized research to learn the drugs’ real value against the pandemic coronavirus, say former ...

Ref: Former FDA leaders decry emergency authorization of malaria drugs for coronavirus [Science, 2020]

there continues to be no high-quality clinical data showing a clear benefit of these agents for this disease.

... increasing number of patients with COVID-19 are treated with these agents and more evidence accumulates, there continues to be no high-quality clinical data showing a clear benefit of these agents for this disease. Moreover, these agents have the potential to cause harm, including a broad range of adverse ...

Ref: Rethinking the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 [FASEB J, 2020]

It is important to build awareness about the possibility of ototoxicity in survivors of COVID-19 treated with these drugs.

... publications have brought attention to the possible benefit of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 treatment. It is important to build awareness about the possibility of ototoxicity in survivors of COVID-19 treated with these drugs. Patient reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, or imbalance should be noted. Those with troublesome hearing ...

Ref: Clinical Implications of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ototoxicity for COVID-19 Treatment: A Mini-Review [Front Public Health, 2020-05-29]

100% of patients treated with hydroxychloroquine in combination with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin were virologically cured

... (AIDS) treatment (13) . In a recent trial with patients on COVID-19 treatment (14) , 100% of patients treated with hydroxychloroquine in combination with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin were virologically cured comparing with 57.1% in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone, and 12.5% in the control group. ...

Ref: Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment [Rev Panam Salud Publica, 2020-03-20]

Given that hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated superior efficacy in vitro for the prevention of infection,

... guidelines for COVID-19 have been similar to those currently used for malaria (3, 8) . Given that hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated superior efficacy in vitro for the prevention of infection, it should be considered as a first-line agent against COVID-19 infection over chloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine should ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine: A Familiar Agent to Combat the Pandemic of COVID-19 [Front Med (Lausanne), 2020-04-30]

Hydroxychloroquine is a cheap and readily available decades-old drug with immunomodulatory properties used to treat autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

... Hydroxychloroquine is a cheap and readily available decades-old drug with immunomodulatory properties used to treat autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Its multitude of anti-inflammatory and immuneregulatory effects continue to puzzle medical experts worldwide. Pharmacological pathways mainly include the blockage of Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling (Toll-like receptor-7 and -9, the endosomal innate ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin to Treat Patients With COVID‐19: Both Friends and Foes? [J Clin Pharmacol, 2020-05-20]

Hydroxychloroquine shows a high partitioning in tissue, including lung and brain.

Hydroxychloroquine shows a high partitioning in tissue, including lung and brain. This chemical property offers a key clinical advantage in the case of COVID-19.

Ref: Coalition: Advocacy for prospective clinical trials to test the post-exposure potential of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19 [One Health, 2020-04-04]

As a derivative of CQ, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has similar therapeutic effects and fewer adverse effects.

... Administration (FDA) has been working to investigate the use of CQ in COVID-19 [10] . As a derivative of CQ, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has similar therapeutic effects and fewer adverse effects. Based on its characteristics of immunity regulation, antithrombotic activity, and inflammation improvement, HCQ has been ...

Ref: Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial [One Health, 2020-03-30]

The single-dose of azithromycin afforded an IC50 value of 15.75 μM, shown in Figure 3C .

... azithromycin that was used as a combination drug with HCQ for treating COVID-19 in patients. The single-dose of azithromycin afforded an IC50 value of 15.75 μM, shown in Figure 3C . The results from immunofluorescence microscopy of SARS-CoV-2 infection displayed visually a better antiviral effect of ...

Ref: Enantiomers of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Exhibit Different Activities Against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, Evidencing S-Hydroxychloroquine as a Potentially Superior Drug for COVID-19 [bioRxiv, 2020-05-30]

The hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination treatment has shown significant improvement in patients with COVID-19 compared to treat with other drugs.

Ref: The effect of COVID-19 on global population and its fatality rate: Retrospective study by online database [Indian J Med Sci, 2020-04-30]

We found no evidence of benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine when used either alone or with a macrolide.

... We found no evidence of benefit of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine when used either alone or with a macrolide. Previous evidence was derived from either small anecdotal studies or inconclusive small randomised trials. Our study included a large number of patients across multiple geographic regions and provides the most ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

Some clinicians recommend that patients with COVID-19 should be counselled about HCQ treatment [1] [2] [3] .

... and it also demonstrates a strong immunomodulatory capacity, which prevents inflammation flare-ups and organ damage. Some clinicians recommend that patients with COVID-19 should be counselled about HCQ treatment [1] [2] [3] . However, the optimal dosage, course and the side-effect for HCQ in SARS-CoV-2 infection need to ...

Ref: Rheumotologitsts’ view on the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020-05-02]

Despite limited and conflicting evidence, hydroxychloroquine, alone or in combination with azithromycin, is widely used in COVID-19 therapy.

... Abstract Background Despite limited and conflicting evidence, hydroxychloroquine, alone or in combination with azithromycin, is widely used in COVID-19 therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective study of electronic health records of patients hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in United States Veterans Health Administration medical centers between March 9, ...

Ref: Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with COVID-19 [Med, 2020-06-05]

hydroxychloroquine was known chiefly as a drug to prevent and treat malaria

... coronavirus Elisabeth Mahase asks what the future now holds for hydroxychloroquine Before the covid-19 pandemic hydroxychloroquine was known chiefly as a drug to prevent and treat malaria and also as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and lupus It has been around for ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine for covid-19: the end of the line? [BMJ, 2020-06-15]

Since the two act on two different mechanisms, we strongly believe that the two could have additive effects in prophylaxis against COVID-19.

... been any proposal to test the efficacy of IFN α-2b together with hydroxychloroquine to increase protection against COVID-19. Since the two act on two different mechanisms, we strongly believe that the two could have additive effects in prophylaxis against COVID-19. We recommend using a randomized control study to prove efficacy and safety. ...

Ref: Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Interferon alpha-2b for the Prophylaxis of COVID-19 [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-20]

Yet, these preliminary studies have aroused considerable media interest, raising fears of massive and uncontrolled use.

... support any efficacy of this drug in patients with COVID-19, due to major methodological weaknesses. Yet, these preliminary studies have aroused considerable media interest, raising fears of massive and uncontrolled use. In the absence of evidence of clinical benefits, the main risk is of exposing patients ...

Ref: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the management of COVID-19: Much kerfuffle but little evidence [Therapie, 2020]

Due to sudden emergence of Covid-19, the healthcare system was caught unaware without an effective and safe treatment for this infectious disease.

... public health concern considering health and economy related challenges to combat and contain this disease. Due to sudden emergence of Covid-19, the healthcare system was caught unaware without an effective and safe treatment for this infectious disease. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine both are weak bases that tend to accumulate in acidic compartments such ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine and Covid-19: A Cellular and Molecular Biology Based Update [Indian J Clin Biochem, 2020-06-10]

I wish to reiterate that these drugs are accepted as generally safe for use in patients with autoimmune diseases or malaria,' he said.

... "This concern relates to the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19. I wish to reiterate that these drugs are accepted as generally safe for use in patients with autoimmune diseases or malaria," he said. ...

Ref: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increase risk of death in COVID-19 [Reactions Weekly, 2020-05-30]

This short write-up explores the potential efficacy and established safety of chloroquine in COVID-19.

... COVID-19 constituted by the Indian Council of Medical Research has recommended the use of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection in selected high-risk individuals. This short write-up explores the potential efficacy and established safety of chloroquine in COVID-19. ...

Ref: Chloroquine: Can it be a Novel Drug for COVID-19 [Int J Appl Basic Med Res, 2020-04-02]

Hydroxychloroquine (orally 400 mg once daily) is also recommended when chloroquine is unavailable [13] .

... has released COVID-19 guidelines and recommended the use of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets (400 mg/100 mg orally twice daily) or chloroquine (500 mg orally two times daily) in critically ill older patients. Hydroxychloroquine (orally 400 mg once daily) is also recommended when chloroquine is unavailable [13] . ...

Ref: Anti COVID-19 Drugs: Need for More Clinical Evidence and Global Action [Adv Ther, 2020-04-29]

We sought to determine whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) application may reduce the death risk of critically ill COVID-19 patients.

... no specific drugs and high fatality. The most urgent need is to find effective treatments. We sought to determine whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) application may reduce the death risk of critically ill COVID-19 patients. In this retrospective study, we included 550 critically ill COVID-19 patients who need mechanical ventilation ...

Ref: Low dose of hydroxychloroquine reduces fatality of critically ill patients with COVID-19 [Sci China Life Sci, 2020-05-15]

Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine,

... Wuhan (China) and subsequently spread worldwide. Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine, but its more tolerable safety profile makes it the preferred drug to treat malaria and ...

Ref: In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [Clin. infect. dis, 2020]

mechanism of action is not completely understood.

... of treating patients infected with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, of which mechanism of action is not completely understood. We seek to draw the attention of the scientific community to the possibility of drastically ...

Ref: Improving the efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 may require Zinc additives - A better synergy for future COVID-19 clinical trials. [Le infezioni in medicina, 2020]

hydroxychloroquine is preferred as chloroquine when used in combination with lopinavir or ritonavir shows prolongation of the QT interval.

... associated adverse effects and lack of availability in some countries. In patients with COVID-19 infection hydroxychloroquine is preferred as chloroquine when used in combination with lopinavir or ritonavir shows prolongation of the QT interval. Some of the other antiviral therapeutics that does not interfere with hydroxychloroquine is oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ...

Ref: A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials [Life Sci, 2020-05-11]

Chloroquine has been shown to have anticoronavirus effects in vitro.

... is diverse and includes anti-inflammatory action, immune regula tion, anti-infection, anti-tumour, metabolic regulation, and antithrombosis. Chloroquine has been shown to have anticoronavirus effects in vitro. Based on this, and the immunoregulatory actions of these drugs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were proposed ...

Ref: The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment? [Lancet Rheumatol, 2020-05-20]

Reluctancy regarding the use of this drug for the treatment of patients with Covid-19 is justified by the absence of a high level of scientific evidence

... Reluctancy regarding the use of this drug for the treatment of patients with Covid-19 is justified by the absence of a high level of scientific evidence namely randomized controlled clinical trials proving the superiority of this drug for this indication, as we discussed above. In the presence of such a crisis, waiting for the results of ...

Ref: Ethical issues related to the hydroxychloroquine treatment prescription for Covid-19 [Ethics Med Public Health, 2020-06-17]

The efficacy and safety of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic is disputed.

... Background & Objective: The efficacy and safety of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic is disputed. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of HCQ plus standard of care in COVID-19 patients. Methods: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, and web of ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine plus standard care compared with the standard care alone in COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [Ethics Med Public Health, 2020-06-12]

Its efficacy and safety profile may not be desirable, but it may be placed on the top of the respective list of available anti-viral agents.

... affordable for the Greek health system: chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, a drug belonging to 4-aminoquinoline class. Its efficacy and safety profile may not be desirable, but it may be placed on the top of the respective list of available anti-viral agents. Do we really need to wait for international guidelines to be issued regarding its applicability ...

Ref: When there is a pandemic there is no time to waste: should we have hydroxychloroquine in our armoury against COVID-19 infected patients? [Mediterr J Rheumatol, 2020-03-31]

there are public concerns and disputes about both the safety and efficacy of CQ and HCQ for this new application.

... under either compassionate off-label use or clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. However, there are public concerns and disputes about both the safety and efficacy of CQ and HCQ for this new application. Given the fact that for decades HCQ has been approved as an immunomodulatory drug for ...

Ref: Rheumotologitsts' view on the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020]

hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) received a significant amount of attention as a potential antiviral treatment,

... BACKGROUND: Early during the current COVID-19 pandemic, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) received a significant amount of attention as a potential antiviral treatment, such that it became one of the most commonly prescribed medications for COVID-19 patients. However, not only the effectiveness of HCQ has remained ...

Ref: Fatal arrhythmias: Another reason why doctors remain cautious about chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine for treating COVID-19 [Heart rhythm, 2020]

hydroxychloroquine doses >400 mg twice daily for at least 5 days are needed to ensure efficacy on viral load decline and cardiac safety.

... hydroxychloroquine doses >400 mg twice daily for at least 5 days are needed to ensure efficacy on viral load decline and cardiac safety. Moreover, the last study highlighted that suboptimal dosing is not efficient on viral load resulting in wasted time and resources. Several trials like the PATCH study (see clinicaltrials.gov) are currently ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin to Treat Patients With COVID‐19: Both Friends and Foes? [J Clin Pharmacol, 2020-05-20]

For example, in Iran, there is a serious shortage of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can be recommended instead.

... hydroxychloroquine instead of chloroquine when the latter is not available for treating patients with COVID-19. For example, in Iran, there is a serious shortage of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can be recommended instead. Other therapeutic agents for COVID-19, such as antiviral agents (oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, etc.), interferons and ...

Ref: Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-03-17]

some studies have investigated hydroxychloroquine in association with metformin in diabetic patients to achieve a better control of type-2 diabetes conditions [10] .

... to the recently developed off-label use of hydroxychloroquine in the field of COVID-19. In addition, some studies have investigated hydroxychloroquine in association with metformin in diabetic patients to achieve a better control of type-2 diabetes conditions [10] . Conversely, metformin was studied as an adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematous, a condition for ...

Ref: A New Drug–Drug Interaction Between Hydroxychloroquine and Metformin? A Signal Detection Study [Drug Saf, 2020-06-03]

However, the efficacy and safety of CQ/HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 remains to be defined.

... essential medicine to treat malaria. Hydroxychloroquine is mainly used as a therapy for autoimmune diseases. However, the efficacy and safety of CQ/HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19 remains to be defined. Indiscriminate promotion and widespread use of CQ/HCQ have led to extensive shortages, self-treatment, and fatal ...

Ref: Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings [Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020-04-22]

S4 Early studies from France suggested benefit with hydroxychloroquine in patients with severe COVID-19,

... viral load and improve patient outcomes based on one study from China with 100 patients. S4 Early studies from France suggested benefit with hydroxychloroquine in patients with severe COVID-19, but the extensive weaknesses in study design, including significant bias, lack of adequate controls, and ...

Ref: Just the facts: What drugs are safe and effective for COVID-19? [CJEM, 2020-05-22]

In this review, we go over the available evidence for and against HCQ's use as prophylaxis or treatment for COVID-19,

... confirmed patients. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued Emergency Use Authorization for the use of HCQ to treat COVID-19 in adolescents and adults. In this review, we go over the available evidence for and against HCQ"s use as prophylaxis or treatment for COVID-19, especially in the Indian context. ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine as prophylaxis or treatment for COVID-19: What does the evidence say? [Indian journal of public health, 2020-06-01]

On day 7, patients were tested through respiratory pharyngeal swab for evidence of COVID-19 nucleic acid.

... to either the intervention (hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily for 5 days) or conventional therapy only. On day 7, patients were tested through respiratory pharyngeal swab for evidence of COVID-19 nucleic acid. There was no difference in the number of negative swabs between the hydroxychloroquine (n = ...

Ref: Cardiovascular Considerations in Treating Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2020-04-02]

There is limited evidence of in vitro activity of CQ/HCQ against SARS-CoV-2.

... A further search was conducted in Google for relevant literature on 28 March 2020. RESULTS: There is limited evidence of in vitro activity of CQ/HCQ against SARS-CoV-2. A number of in vivo clinical trials are underway. The empirical data available from two ...

Ref: Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review [J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2020]

Hydroxychloroquine has garnered unprecedented attention as a potential therapeutic option in the global COVID-19 pandemic.

... Hydroxychloroquine has garnered unprecedented attention as a potential therapeutic option in the global COVID-19 pandemic. 39 Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown data that may support its possible efficacy, but clinical data are limited to small clinical trials and uncontrolled case series ...

Ref: Post-exposure prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized-controlled trial [Can J Anaesth, 2020-05-07]

one of which revealed that chloroquine is superior to the control group in clinical improvement, promoting virus-negative conversion and shortening the disease course.

... conducted in China to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19, one of which revealed that chloroquine is superior to the control group in clinical improvement, promoting virus-negative conversion and shortening the disease course. 16 Meanwhile, the preliminary study in France evaluated the efficacy of HCQ in COVID-19 patients. ...

Ref: Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far [J Chin Med Assoc, 2020-04-21]

Your participation will make an important contribution to the treatment of covid-19 infection and provide help for the future treatment of similar patients.

... Corresponding measures will include stopping the use of the drug according to the severity of the adverse reactions. Your participation will make an important contribution to the treatment of covid-19 infection and provide help for the future treatment of similar patients. We appreciate your participation very much. ...

Ref: Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial [BMJ, 2020-05-14]

there is a serious shortage of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can be recommended instead.

... when the latter is not available for treating patients with COVID-19. For example, in Iran, there is a serious shortage of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can be recommended instead. Other therapeutic agents for COVID-19, such as antiviral agents (oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, etc.), interferons and ...

Ref: Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-03-17]