¿Cuál es el mecanismo de la respuesta inflamatoria y patogénica en los casos de COVID-19?
(What is the mechanism of inflammatory response and pathogenesis of covid-19 cases?)
Primeras 5 respuestas:
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The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis
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Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
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GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy presenting typically with tingling, progressive weakness, autonomic dysfunction and pain.
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Severe lung and systemic inflammation of COVID-19 patients is currently believed to result from cytokine dysregulation.
The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis.
... The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis. We conducted daily transcriptomic profiling of three COVID-19 cases and found that the early immune response in COVID-19 patients is highly dynamic. Patient throat swabs were tested daily for SARS-CoV-2, ...
Ref: A Dynamic Immune Response Shapes COVID-19 Progression [Cell Host Microbe, 2020]The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis
... The inflammatory response to SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is thought to underpin COVID-19 pathogenesis We conducted daily transcriptomic profiling of three COVID-19 cases and found that the early immune response in COVID-19 patients is highly dynamic Patient throat swabs were tested daily for SARS-CoV-2 ...
Ref: A dynamic immune response shapes COVID-19 progression [Cell Press, 2020]Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
... Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but the production of type I interferons, which are key antiviral mediators, is reportedly blunted. Here, we discuss how imbalanced interferon responses may contribute to the pathology of COVID-19. ...
Ref: Dysregulation of type I interferon responses in COVID-19 [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-05-26]GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy presenting typically with tingling, progressive weakness, autonomic dysfunction and pain.
... GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy presenting typically with tingling, progressive weakness, autonomic dysfunction and pain. Immune injury specifically takes place at the myelin sheath and related Schwann-cell components in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, whereas in acute motor axonal neuropathy, the membranes on the nerve axon ...
Ref: Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19 [J Autoimmun, 2020-06-16]Severe lung and systemic inflammation of COVID-19 patients is currently believed to result from cytokine dysregulation.
... Severe lung and systemic inflammation of COVID-19 patients is currently believed to result from cytokine dysregulation. Recent research have indicated that COVID-19 is associated with the induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ, GM-CSF and TNF-α, many of which were highly expressed in ...
Ref: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐induced immune responses: friends or foes? [Scand J Immunol, 2020-05-23]Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins with powerful chemoattractant activity which play a role in the immune cell recruitment during inflammation.
... sustain an aberrant systemic inflammatory response, is a major responsible for the occurrence of ARDS. Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins with powerful chemoattractant activity which play a role in the immune cell recruitment during inflammation. This review will be aimed at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the ...
Ref: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-11]COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm.
... coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (or coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)), which frequently leads to lethal pulmonary inflammatory responses. COVID-19 pathology is characterized by extreme inflammation and amplified immune response with activation of a cytokine storm. A subsequent progression to acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can ...
Ref: Pulmonary Delivery of Fenretinide: A Possible Adjuvant Treatment In COVID-19 [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020]marked inflammatory and immune responses may activate a 'cytokine storm', and apoptosis of epithelial cells and endothelial cells;
... high genetic homology among SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infected animal model, marked inflammatory and immune responses may activate a "cytokine storm", and apoptosis of epithelial cells and endothelial cells; subsequently, vascular leakage, abnormal T cell and macrophages responses ensue and induce ALI/ARDS or even ...
Ref: COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment [Life Sci, 2020-06-01]This response is defined by low levels of type I and III interferons juxtaposed to elevated chemokines and high expression of IL-6.
... transcriptional and serum profiling of COVID-19 patients, consistently revealed a unique and inappropriate inflammatory response. This response is defined by low levels of type I and III interferons juxtaposed to elevated chemokines and high expression of IL-6. We propose that reduced innate antiviral defenses coupled with exuberant inflammatory cytokine production are the ...
Ref: Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19 [Cell, 2020]Increased production of inflammatory cytokines and myeloid-derived suppressor cells occur in COVID-19 patients.
... Increased production of inflammatory cytokines and myeloid-derived suppressor cells occur in COVID-19 patients. These inversely correlated with perforin-expressing NK and CD3+T-cells. We observed a lower perforin+ NK cells number in intensive care unit (ICU) compared to non-ICU patients, suggesting an impairment of the ...
Ref: An inflammatory profile correlates with decreased frequency of cytotoxic cells in COVID-19 [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-05-15]IL-1 receptor signalling is involved in inflammatory damage to the respiratory epithelium.
... are known to increase the recruitment of immune cells and subsequent cytokine production [40] . IL-1 receptor signalling is involved in inflammatory damage to the respiratory epithelium. In a study, the daily transcriptomic profiling of three COVID-19 patients revealed IL-1 to show ...
Ref: Inflammation, Immunity and Immunogenetics in COVID-19: A Narrative Review [Indian J Clin Biochem, 2020-06-06]Increasing evidence points to host Th17 inflammatory responses as contributing to the severe lung pathology and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections from coronaviruses.
... Increasing evidence points to host Th17 inflammatory responses as contributing to the severe lung pathology and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections from coronaviruses. This includes host inflammatory and cytokine responses to COVID-19 caused by the SARS-2 coronavirus (SARS CoV2). From studies conducted in laboratory animals, there are additional concerns about immune enhancement and ...
Ref: The Potential Role of Th17 Immune Responses in Coronavirus Immunopathology and Vaccine-induced Immune Enhancement [Microbes Infect, 2020-04-17]Cytokines participate in immune responses through the activation of multiple signaling pathways,
... (GF) and chemokines. Cytokines participate in immune responses through the activation of multiple signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT, TRAF-NF-κB, TRAF-AP-1, and IRAK-NF-κB [32] . The term "cytokine storm" appeared for the first time in an article relating to graft-versus-host disease in 1993 ...
Ref: Biochemical indicators of coronavirus disease 2019 exacerbation and the clinical implications [Pharmacol Res, 2020-05-23]Aberrant host immune response causes lung tissue damage, reduced lung capacity, and finally respiratory failure [4] .
... not been fully understood, it seems that the host immune responses play an important role. Aberrant host immune response causes lung tissue damage, reduced lung capacity, and finally respiratory failure [4] . Studies indicated that dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are playing crucial role in innate immune ...
Ref: Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of COVID-19 [J Mol Med (Berl), 2020-06-03]The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high.
... Summary Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli. The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been ...
Ref: The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19 [J Infect, 2020-04-10]Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm.
... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm. We describe a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a recently diagnosed pediatric Crohn"s disease patient successfully treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockade. The patient presented with five days ...
Ref: Pediatric Crohn's Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 Treated with Infliximab [J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr, 2020]initiation of the immune response against invading coronavirus begins with a direct infection of the bronchi and bronchiole epithelium.
... known about the exact immunologic mechanism of COVID-19 infections. As shown in Fig. 1 , initiation of the immune response against invading coronavirus begins with a direct infection of the bronchi and bronchiole epithelium. First, antigen-independent innate immunity provides the first line of leukocytes defense against microorganisms. Innate immune ...
Ref: The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of “inflame-aging” [Inflamm Res, 2020-06-11]The cytokines environment induces inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes with high expression of IL-6 and accelerates the inflammation.
... are rapidly activated to become pathogenic T helper (Th) 1 cells and generate GM-CSF etc. The cytokines environment induces inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes with high expression of IL-6 and accelerates the inflammation. These aberrant and excessive immune cells may enter the pulmonary circulation in huge numbers and ...
Ref: Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus [bioRxiv, 2020-02-20]Currently there is no effective antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which frequently leads to fatal inflammatory responses and acute lung injury.
... Currently there is no effective antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which frequently leads to fatal inflammatory responses and acute lung injury. Here, we discuss the various mechanisms of SARS-CoV-mediated inflammation. We also assume that SARS-CoV-2 likely shares similar inflammatory responses. Potential therapeutic tools to reduce SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses include various methods ...
Ref: Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools [bioRxiv, 2020]massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to iatrogenic (e.g. CAR-T therapies) or infective stimuli [38] .
... [37] . In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved TCZ for the treatment of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) consisting of a systemic inflammatory response caused by the massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to iatrogenic (e.g. CAR-T therapies) or infective stimuli [38] . ...
Ref: Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review [Autoimmun Rev, 2020-05-03]CoV-19 infection and the virus's Spike protein inhibit the expression of ACE2, abolishing its protective function.
... CoV-19 infection and the virus"s Spike protein inhibit the expression of ACE2, abolishing its protective function. Inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACEI) are used to stem the devastating effects of CoV-19, to increase the number of CD3 and CD8 T cells and to reduce the ...
Ref: Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection. [Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2020-04-07]Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a systemic inflammatory response that can be triggered by many factors such as infections.
... Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a systemic inflammatory response that can be triggered by many factors such as infections. CRS in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is life-threatening and can occur very rapidly after COVID-19 diagnosis. Tocilizumab (TCZ), an interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor, may ameliorate the CRS associated with ...
Ref: Effectiveness of Tocilizumab in a COVID-19 Patient with Cytokine Release Syndrome [Eur J Case Rep Intern Med, 2020-05-22]It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines.
... Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet. The attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike ...
Ref: COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation [Cytokine, 2020-05-30]Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening 'cytokine storms'.
... Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening "cytokine storms". Controlling the local and systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19 may be as important as anti-viral therapies. Endogenous lipid autacoid mediators, referred to as eicosanoids, play a critical role in the ...
Ref: Inflammation resolution: a dual-pronged approach to averting cytokine storms in COVID-19? [Cancer metastasis. rev, 2020]An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections.
... Background: The efficacy of the humoral and cellular immunity determines the outcome of viral infections. An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in ...
Ref: A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression [Cancer metastasis. rev, 2020-05-02]ferritin enhancing the inflammatory burden and triggering a vicious pathogenic loop.
... , and thus contributing to the inflammatory loop (20) . On these bases, we hypothesize that severe COVID-19 shares common pathogenic mechanisms with other diseases of hyperferritinemic syndrome (7), with ferritin enhancing the inflammatory burden and triggering a vicious pathogenic loop. ...
Ref: Severe COVID-19, Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Hyperferritinemic Syndrome. An Immunomodulatory Perspective to Alleviate the Storm [Front Immunol, 2020-05-28]efforts to identify effectively supportive therapeutic drugs and treatments has been hampered by our limited understanding of host immune response for this fatal disease.
... COVID-19 outbreak has caused devastating mortality and posed a great threat to public health. However, efforts to identify effectively supportive therapeutic drugs and treatments has been hampered by our limited understanding of host immune response for this fatal disease. To characterize the transcriptional signatures of host inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19) infection, we carried ...
Ref: Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients [Emerg Microbes Infect, 2020]resulting to the upstream inhibition of multiple cytokine signaling pathways along with the regulation of the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance.
... be a valuable therapeutic option to COVID-19 treatment due to their unique mechanism of action, resulting to the upstream inhibition of multiple cytokine signaling pathways along with the regulation of the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Conversely, other anti-cytokine agents lead to the downstream inhibition of specific targets, such as IL-1, ...
Ref: Commentary: Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors as potential adjunct treatment targeting the cytokine storm in COVID-19 [Metabolism, 2020-06-01]Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with disordered inflammatory responses.
... (RNLS), a novel secreted plasma flavoprotein, has anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of disease processes. Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with disordered inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that reduced plasma RNLS levels could be a marker of COVID-19 disease severity. ...
Ref: Decreased plasma levels of the survival factor renalase are associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19 [Metabolism, 2020-06-04]Animals were exposed to the virus through an intranasal route.
... Cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV infection have been previously assessed in an animal study. Animals were exposed to the virus through an intranasal route. Such viral administration resulted in induction of pneumonia which was accompanied by over-production of TNF-α, IL-6, ...
Ref: Altered cytokine levels and immune responses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and related conditions [Cytokine, 2020-05-21]After infecting the host cells, SARS-CoV-2 may cause a hyper-inflammatory reaction through the excessive release of cytokines,
... between obesity and the severity of COVID-19 infection, even in the absence of other co-morbidities. After infecting the host cells, SARS-CoV-2 may cause a hyper-inflammatory reaction through the excessive release of cytokines, a condition known as "cytokine storm", while inducing lymphopenia and a disrupted immune response. Obesity ...
Ref: Obesity and COVID-19: Immune and metabolic derangement as a possible link to adverse clinical outcomes. [American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2020-05-27]Following viral-induced complement cascade activation, inflammatory processes are promoted.
Following viral-induced complement cascade activation, inflammatory processes are promoted.
Ref: COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation [Cytokine, 2020-05-30]COVID-19 patients often have underlying diseases, including chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease.
... COVID-19 patients often have underlying diseases, including chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. It is important to evaluate whether patients with underlying diseases are more susceptible to coronavirus infection than the healthy population. To do this, we analyzed the expression of ACE2 in ...
Ref: Assessing ACE2 expression patterns in lung tissues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 [J Autoimmun, 2020-04-13]The host immune responses strongly try to confront it with all the potential cells and cytokines.
... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is uncontrollably spread all over the world. The host immune responses strongly try to confront it with all the potential cells and cytokines. With chronically condition of SARS‐CoV‐2, natural killer cells and T cells become exhausted and decreasing their ...
Ref: Lymphopenia in COVID‐19: Therapeutic opportunities [Cell Biol Int, 2020-06-03]The state of hypercytokinaemia triggers a neuro-inflammatory response causing disruption of the blood-brain barrier,
... an imbalance of neurotransmitters within the central nervous system has been implicated in neuropsychiatric manifestations. The state of hypercytokinaemia triggers a neuro-inflammatory response causing disruption of the blood-brain barrier, leading to peripheral immune cell transmigration into the central nervous system and, in turn, causing ...
Ref: A review of pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 [J Neurol, 2020-06-03]The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex.
... Summary Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli. The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
Ref: The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19 [J Infect, 2020-04-10]The immune/inflammatory response may be self-limited in patients who experience mild symptoms and who have good prognosis after the infection.
... Triggers numerous immunological and inflammatory responses that promote distinct clinical manifestations of COVID-19 [5] . The immune/inflammatory response may be self-limited in patients who experience mild symptoms and who have good prognosis after the infection. However, this response may be dysregulated in a smaller fraction of infected patients; these individuals ...
Ref: Potential role for tissue factor in the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability associated with in COVID-19 [J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020-06-09]Macrophages are a population of innate immune cells that sense and respond to microbial threats by producing inflammatory molecules that eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair.
... induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a major cause of disease severity and death in infected patients. Macrophages are a population of innate immune cells that sense and respond to microbial threats by producing inflammatory molecules that eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair. However, a dysregulated macrophage response can be damaging to the host, as is seen in ...
Ref: Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-05-06]COVID-19 infection may lead to activated immune-inflammatory pathways and cytokine storm.
... immediate and new onset of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with COVID-19 are not yet known. COVID-19 infection may lead to activated immune-inflammatory pathways and cytokine storm. Activated immune-inflammatory pathways, especially chronic low-grade inflammation, are associated with major psychiatric disorders in at ...
Ref: Changing dynamics of psychoneuroimmunology during COVID-19 pandemic [Brain Behav Immun Health, 2020-06-15]A major complication of COVID-19 infection is inflammation of the air sacs of the lungs resulting in pneumonia.
... concentration present for as long as 9 months as reported by the authors 24 . A major complication of COVID-19 infection is inflammation of the air sacs of the lungs resulting in pneumonia. Vitamin D deficiency contributed to the pathogenesis of 14|P a g e acute respiratory distress ...
Ref: Hidden in plain sight: The effects of BCG vaccination in COVID-19 pandemic [bioRxiv, 2020-06-12]The pathogenesis of COVID‐19 is complex, characterized by an immune response mainly Th1/Th17.
... exerted by dupilumab, a biologic drugs blocking IL‐4 and IL‐13, used for adult atopic dermatitis. The pathogenesis of COVID‐19 is complex, characterized by an immune response mainly Th1/Th17. The hyper‐activation of these cells may cause the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that may result ...
Ref: Dupilumab and COVID‐19: What should we expect? [Dermatol Ther, 2020-05-20]The bile duct epithelial cells are involved in immune responses and the regeneration of the hepatocytes [104] .
... ACE2, which might be the reason that liver injury occurs during SARS-CoV-2 infection [103] . The bile duct epithelial cells are involved in immune responses and the regeneration of the hepatocytes [104] . Besides possessing a high number of ACE2 on its surface, bile duct cells are more ...
Ref: Coronaviruses pathogenesis, comorbidities and multi-organ damage – A review [Life Sci, 2020-05-22]A rapid and well-coordinated innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infections,
... long been thought to play an important role in immunity and immunopathology during virus infections. A rapid and well-coordinated innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infections, but dysregulated and excessive immune responses may cause immunopathology [38] [39] [40] . Although there ...
Ref: Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology [Semin Immunopathol, 2017-05-02]The first is that COVID-19 consistently results in the upregulation of chemokines, particularly those that act as chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes.
... Together, these data present several common themes. The first is that COVID-19 consistently results in the upregulation of chemokines, particularly those that act as chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes. This suggests that influx of these cell types into infected tissues may contribute to tissue damage and increased cytokine production. The second is ...
Ref: The innate immune system: fighting on the front lines or fanning the flames of COVID-19? [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-05-20]Women, compared to men, are less susceptible to viral infections based on a different innate immunity, steroid hormones and factors related to sex chromosomes.
... differences between men and women in the immune response to CoV-19 infection and inflammatory diseases. Women, compared to men, are less susceptible to viral infections based on a different innate immunity, steroid hormones and factors related to sex chromosomes. The presence of two X chromosomes in women emphasize the immune system even if one ...
Ref: Coronavirus COV-19/SARS-CoV-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection [J. biol. regul. homeost. agents, 2020]COVID-19 induced strong immune response is resulting from the release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,
... death cause of coronavirus is cytokine storm, which is the deadly uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response. COVID-19 induced strong immune response is resulting from the release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are similar to the symptoms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Hence, although the pathogenesis ...
Ref: Immune environment modulation in pneumonia patients caused by coronavirus: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [Aging (Albany NY), 2020-05-02]Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm.
... Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Significant antibody production is observed; however, whether this is protective or pathogenic remains to be determined. Defining the immunopathological changes in patients with COVID-19 provides potential targets for drug discovery ...
Ref: COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-04-09]The inflammatory response may be uncontrolled due to malfunctioning or exhausted immune cells, such as B and T cells and macrophages,
... individuals with obesity may be at higher risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19 by hyperinflammation. The inflammatory response may be uncontrolled due to malfunctioning or exhausted immune cells, such as B and T cells and macrophages, in those with obesity and low-level chronic inflammation [7] . Therefore, further large-scale studies are ...
Ref: Insight into the relationship between obesity-induced low-level chronic inflammation and COVID-19 infection [Int J Obes (Lond), 2020-05-22]aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs,
... pathological results in early stage of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia require further confirmation 17 . In short, aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs, even while the immune response seeks to suppress and eradicate the virus (Figure 1 ). ...
Ref: Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-04-25]aggravated inflammatory responses and coagulation dysfunction appear to be the critical mechanisms in the COVID-19 patients with ILD.
... infected with SARS-CoV-2. The prognosis of COVID-19 patients with per-existing ILD is significantly worse than that of non-ILD patients. And more, aggravated inflammatory responses and coagulation dysfunction appear to be the critical mechanisms in the COVID-19 patients with ILD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...
Ref: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing ILD: A retrospective study in a single center in Wuhan, China [J. med. virol, 2020]The hyper-activation of these cells may cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may result in lung impairment.
... atopic dermatitis. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is complex, characterized by an immune response mainly Th1/Th17. The hyper-activation of these cells may cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may result in lung impairment. IL-4 and IL-13 are Th2 cytokines, thus being part of a pathway not considered implicated ...
Ref: Dupilumab and COVID-19: What should we expect? [Dermatol Ther, 2020]individuals with those conditions and affected by COVID-19 present an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an unbalanced immune response,
... expression, used by SARS-CoV-2 for human"s cell entry. Until now, the studies have shown that individuals with those conditions and affected by COVID-19 present an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an unbalanced immune response, leading to the cytokine storm phenomenon. Vitamin D is highlighted as a potential therapeutic target, ...
Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020]Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening “cytokine storms”.
... Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening “cytokine storms”. Controlling the local and systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19 may be as important as anti-viral therapies. Endogenous lipid autacoid mediators, referred to as eicosanoids, play a critical role in the ...
Ref: Inflammation resolution: a dual-pronged approach to averting cytokine storms in COVID-19? [Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2020-05-08]the pathogenesis of which suggests a complex interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility.
... ulcerative colitis [UC], the main inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] in humans, are chronic, immune-inflammatory diseases, the pathogenesis of which suggests a complex interaction between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. These disabling conditions affect millions of individuals and, together with the drugs used to treat ...
Ref: Are Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease at Increased Risk for Covid-19 Infection? [J Crohns Colitis, 2020-03-26]Cytokine storm (CS) is a phenomenon of excessive inflammatory reaction mediated by the rapid production of large amounts of cytokines in response to infection [16] .
... a major role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, while cytokine storm increases the severity of the disease. Cytokine storm (CS) is a phenomenon of excessive inflammatory reaction mediated by the rapid production of large amounts of cytokines in response to infection [16] . In COVID-19, there is an initial delay in cytokine and chemokine secretion by innate immune ...
Ref: Inflammation, Immunity and Immunogenetics in COVID-19: A Narrative Review [Indian J Clin Biochem, 2020-06-06]The inflammatory response increases with the activation of NF-κB in the host infected with coronavirus,
... the upper respiratory tract and causes an increase in the host immune response [16] . The inflammatory response increases with the activation of NF-κB in the host infected with coronavirus, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines significantly affects the course of the disease ...
Ref: Artesunate: could be an alternative drug to chloroquine in COVID-19 treatment? [Chin Med, 2020-05-28]In response to the infection of SARS-CoV-2, alveolar macrophages or epithelial cells could produce various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
... cells, which leads to a large amount of plasma component exudate in the alveolar cavity. In response to the infection of SARS-CoV-2, alveolar macrophages or epithelial cells could produce various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Upon this change, monocytes and neutrophils were then chemotactic to the infection site to clear ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses [Lancet, 2020-04-17]The most severe presentation of COVID-19 is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state attributed to the massive pro-inflammatory cytokine release,
... The most severe presentation of COVID-19 is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state attributed to the massive pro-inflammatory cytokine release, called "cytokine storm". Several specific anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents are being evaluated by ongoing clinical trials; however, there is currently insufficient evidence for their efficacy and safety in COVID-19 treatment. Given the ...
Ref: Commentary: Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors as potential adjunct treatment targeting the cytokine storm in COVID-19 [Metabolism, 2020]Patients with COVID-19 have been shown to suffer from a cytokine storm characterized by increased levels of IL-6 [47] .
... An alternate approach to prevent viral spread could be to target the host"s immune response. Patients with COVID-19 have been shown to suffer from a cytokine storm characterized by increased levels of IL-6 [47] . While studying the host-immune response against the virus using in vitro model, lowered innate antiviral ...
Ref: SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 susceptibility and lung inflammatory storm by smoking and vaping [J Inflamm (Lond), 2020-06-10]The entry of pathogenic COVID-19 virus in humans leads to activation of inflammatory cells,
... Coronaviridae family and is a single-stranded RNA virus that can infect both animals and humans. The entry of pathogenic COVID-19 virus in humans leads to activation of inflammatory cells, specifically CD4 lymphocytes that subsequently transform to T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Th1 cells participate ...
Ref: Low dose radiation therapy as a potential life saving treatment for COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [Radiother Oncol, 2020-05-08]histological examination revealed obvious alveolar damage and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, which may be the result of alveolar epithelial cell necrosis.
... (Trial Version 7)" announced by the National Health Commission of the People"s Republic of China, histological examination revealed obvious alveolar damage and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration, which may be the result of alveolar epithelial cell necrosis. Besides, type II alveolar epithelial cells proliferated significantly, and some cells were shed. Viral inclusions ...
Ref: TNFα inhibitor may be effective for severe COVID-19: learning from toxic epidermal necrolysis [Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2020-05-21]The hyper‐activation of these cells may cause the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that may result in lung impairment.
... atopic dermatitis. The pathogenesis of COVID‐19 is complex, characterized by an immune response mainly Th1/Th17. The hyper‐activation of these cells may cause the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that may result in lung impairment. IL‐4 and IL‐13 are Th2 cytokines, thus being part of a pathway not considered implicated ...
Ref: Dupilumab and COVID‐19: What should we expect? [Dermatol Ther, 2020-05-20]Severe disease has been associated with changes in peripheral immune activity,
... 20% of patients with COVID-19 develop severe disease and 5% of patients require intensive care2. Severe disease has been associated with changes in peripheral immune activity, including increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines3,4 that may be produced by a subset of inflammatory ...
Ref: A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. [Nature medicine, 2020-06-08]cytokine storm is the main cause of inflammation in COVID-19 highlighting an important role of NLRP3 inflammasome.
... viral proteins particularly in relation to NLRP3 inflammasome activation are yet to be performed. Nevertheless, cytokine storm is the main cause of inflammation in COVID-19 highlighting an important role of NLRP3 inflammasome. Accordingly, high levels of IL-1β and other cytokines have been found in COVID-19 patients (28) ...
Ref: Novel Coronavirus-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: A Potential Drug Target in the Treatment of COVID-19 [Front Immunol, 2020-05-19]Primary inflammatory responses occur early after viral infection, prior to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies (NAb).
... responses into two different stages (Fig. 1) : the primary response and the secondary response. Primary inflammatory responses occur early after viral infection, prior to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies (NAb). These responses are mainly driven by active viral replication, viral-mediated ACE2 downregulation and shedding, and ...
Ref: Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools [Virol Sin, 2020-03-03]The immune system plays an important role in inflammation that occurs in adipose tissue due to obesity, which increases vulnerability to infections.
... The immune system plays an important role in inflammation that occurs in adipose tissue due to obesity, which increases vulnerability to infections. Inflammation in adipose tissue generates metabolic alterations that can cause comorbidities such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, thus increasing the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 2 . ...
Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-12]increasing glutathione, improving T cell response, and modulating inflammation.
... potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of COVID-19 through a variety of potential mechanisms, including increasing glutathione, improving T cell response, and modulating inflammation. In this article, we present evidence to support the use of NAC as a potential ...
Ref: N-Acetylcysteine: a potential therapeutic agent for SARS-CoV-2 [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-30]One of the mechanisms regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance is angiotensin-renin system.
... One of the mechanisms regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance is angiotensin-renin system. It is comprised of two pathways, which are normally functioning in the state of dynamic equilibrium: ACE2-Angiotensin II-Angiotensin 1 Receptor axis, activating vasoconstriction and inflammatory response, and ACE2-Angiotensin 1-7-Mas receptor ...
Ref: IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-20]Can we target JAKs and the molecular pathways they mediate in complex immune dysregulation,
Can we target JAKs and the molecular pathways they mediate in complex immune dysregulation, including COVID-19?
Ref: Targeting JAK-STAT Signaling to Control Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 [Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2020-06-17]Most critically ill patients in ICU, that develop ARDS, have high levels of inflammatory cytokines in their circulation, known as CRS.
... immune system plays an important role in fighting COVID-19, paradoxically it could also be harmful. Most critically ill patients in ICU, that develop ARDS, have high levels of inflammatory cytokines in their circulation, known as CRS. Considering all the reported data from observations and measurements, it seems that when the immune ...
Ref: The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? [Life Sci, 2020-06-02]risk of fatality in COVID-19 is driven by excessive and persistent upregulation of inflammatory mechanisms associated with cytokine storm.
... the innate and adaptive immune responses. At the other end of the disease pathology spectrum, risk of fatality in COVID-19 is driven by excessive and persistent upregulation of inflammatory mechanisms associated with cytokine storm. Thus, the second clinical strategy is to prevent or mitigate excessive inflammatory response to prevent ...
Ref: Evidence Supporting a Phased Immuno-physiological Approach to COVID-19 From Prevention Through Recovery. [Integrative medicine, 2020]Inflammatory storm refers to an excessive inflammatory response flaring out of control and the immune system gone awry.
... Inflammatory storm refers to an excessive inflammatory response flaring out of control and the immune system gone awry. To identify which kind of immune cells are involved in and which inflammatory cytokine is the critical target in these severe COVID-19 patients, we analyzed peripheral blood samples from patients ...
Ref: Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19? [J Transl Med, 2020-04-14]The viral transmission in the olfactory bulb leads a neuroinflammatory response through an excessive release of cytokines to protect the CNS.
... sensorial (olfactory) nerves. Olfactory nerves are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and inflammatory cytokines. The viral transmission in the olfactory bulb leads a neuroinflammatory response through an excessive release of cytokines to protect the CNS. Therefore, anosmia, an initial symptom of COVID-10, might be a result of such neuroinflammatory response ...
Ref: May the Central Nervous System Be Fogged by the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19?: an Appraisal [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2020-06-11]Children have strong innate immune response due to trained immunity (secondary to live-vaccines and frequent viral infections),
... and inflammation. Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with high and persistent viral loads in adults. Children have strong innate immune response due to trained immunity (secondary to live-vaccines and frequent viral infections), leading to probably early control of infection at the site of entry. Adult patients show ...
Ref: cord_uid g592dfyz Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare... g592dfyz Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare... Name: title, dtype: object [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, cord_uid g592dfyz 2020-05-14 g592dfyz 2020-05-14 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, CD4+ T lymphocytes are rapidly activated to become pathogenic T helper (Th) 1 cells
... that potential orchestrated acute mortality from COVID-19 patients is still unknown Here we show that after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, CD4+ T lymphocytes are rapidly activated to become pathogenic T helper (Th) 1 cells and generate GM-CSF etc The cytokines environment induces inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes with high expression of ...
Ref: Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2020]COVID-19 infections seem to result in a cascade of pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukins and other cytokines.
... As mentioned above, COVID-19 infections seem to result in a cascade of pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukins and other cytokines. The resulting "cytokine storm" occurs in a subset of patients and is postulated to result in more severe illness. The immune response itself may cause more damage ...
Ref: COVID‐19: A review of therapeutics under investigation [J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open, 2020-04-19]They contain numerous cytoplasmatic granules that release cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other molecules that contribute to their functions.
... receptor (RLR). The immune protection is exerted through multiple mechanisms and properties of these cells. They contain numerous cytoplasmatic granules that release cationic proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other molecules that contribute to their functions. In addition to their competence as effectors cells, its capabilities like antigen-presenting cell allow them ...
Ref: Eosinophil Response Against Classical and Emerging Respiratory Viruses: COVID-19. [Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology, 2020-06-16]TNF-α is a key proinflammatory cytokine contributing to various acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, including some autoimmune diseases and septic shock.
... TNF-α is a key proinflammatory cytokine contributing to various acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, including some autoimmune diseases and septic shock. Anti-TNF agents are commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis. While serum TNF-α levels were moderately elevated in patients with SARS, much higher serum ...
Ref: Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment [Clin Rheumatol, 2020-05-30]The first asymptomatic phase occurs when the inhaled virus SARS-CoV-2 starts to replicate in the epithelial cells in the nasal cavity.
... According to Mason (40) , the pathogenesis of COVID-19 can be divided into three stages. The first asymptomatic phase occurs when the inhaled virus SARS-CoV-2 starts to replicate in the epithelial cells in the nasal cavity. The second phase occurs when the virus migrates through the lung and a more vigorous ...
Ref: 17β-Estradiol, a potential ally to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection [Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2020-05-18]Patients dying because of SARS have lung consolidation, edema and mucopurulent material in the bronchial tree.
... human CoViD-19 patients are due to an exuberant local inflammatory response with diffuse alveolar damage. Patients dying because of SARS have lung consolidation, edema and mucopurulent material in the bronchial tree. At microscopic examination, alterations such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane and fibrin formation, neutrophils ...
Ref: Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy [J Autoimmun, 2020-04-02]COVID- 19 show symptoms of fever, dry cough, fatigue, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia.
... been declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the WHO [4] . COVID- 19 show symptoms of fever, dry cough, fatigue, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia. Some patients developed severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or multiple organ failure [5] ...
Ref: Immune Cell Profiling of COVID-19 Patients in the Recovery Stage by Single-Cell Sequencing [J Autoimmun, 2020-03-27]making them susceptible to fissure initiating an acute coronary syndrome.
... to occur, ultimately leading to a sudden deterioration. The intrinsic inflammatory process within the atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary walls is exacerbated during the systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19, making them susceptible to fissure initiating an acute coronary syndrome. 19 ...
Ref: Potential Mechanisms of Cardiac Injury and Common Pathways of Inflammation in Patients With COVID-19 [Crit Pathw Cardiol, 2020-06-09]immune dysregulation may be implicated in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19.
... in SARS and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (Ng et al., 2016; Ding et al., 2003) . Systemic vasculitis was also observed (Xu et al., 2020) . Therefore, it seems that immune dysregulation may be implicated in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. ...
Ref: Editorial: Nicotine and SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 may be a disease of the nicotinic cholinergic system [Toxicol Rep, 2020-04-30]Severe cases of COVID-19 can 47 result in lung damage, low blood oxygen levels, and even death.
... virus infects airway and lung cells 46 causing fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Severe cases of COVID-19 can 47 result in lung damage, low blood oxygen levels, and even death. As there are currently 48 no vaccines or antivirals approved for use in humans, studies ...
Ref: Type I and Type III IFN Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures [bioRxiv, 2020-05-20]The internalization and gradual replication of the virus results in an exaggerated immune response triggering release of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
... infection by letting its surface spike protein interact and bind to the host ACE2 receptor. The internalization and gradual replication of the virus results in an exaggerated immune response triggering release of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This immune storm is responsible for multiple health hazards in the host ultimately leading to ...
Ref: Combating COVID-19 with Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy [Biotechnol Rep (Amst), 2020-05-14]The overexpression of inflammatory adipokines from visceral fat deposits can affect the immune response, impair chemotaxis and alter the differentiation of macrophages.
... The overexpression of inflammatory adipokines from visceral fat deposits can affect the immune response, impair chemotaxis and alter the differentiation of macrophages. The imbalance between the secretion of anti-and pro-inflammatory adipokines from thoracic visceral fat deposits, such as the epicardium and mediastinal, may also play a role in the cytokine storm described ...
Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-12]The exact mechanism by which cytokines/chemokines damage the myocardium is unknown,
... in COVID-19 infection, suggesting a common mechanism of injury in the two settings [66] . The exact mechanism by which cytokines/chemokines damage the myocardium is unknown, but cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell death in the presence of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α ...
Ref: Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences of Viral Toxicities and Host Immune Response [Curr Cardiol Rep, 2020-04-21]blocking the interferon signaling is expected to enhance the immune response.
... recommended because it controls the replication and infection of CoVs [144] . In this regard, blocking the interferon signaling is expected to enhance the immune response. Also, blocking the signal pathways of human cells involved in virus replication was shown to ...
Ref: Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: Structural genomics approach [Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2020-06-13]In short, aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs,
... however, the pathological results in early stage of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia require further confirmation 17 . In short, aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs, even while the immune response seeks to suppress and eradicate the virus (Figure 1 ). ...
Ref: Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-04-25]After the initial innate response, a specific adaptive immune response is required to eliminate CoV-2 [23] .
... After the initial innate response, a specific adaptive immune response is required to eliminate CoV-2 [23] . However, in cancer patients on active treatment or even during watchful observation, lymphopenia (an independent poor prognostic indicator in COVID-19 patients) [24] is common [25] , and hence, the required ...
Ref: COVID-19 and Cancer: a Comprehensive Review [Curr Oncol Rep, 2020-05-08]During infection and inflammatory response, bloodstream monocytes derived from precursors in the bone marrow are recruited and stimulated to differentiate into macrophage cell population.
... During infection and inflammatory response, bloodstream monocytes derived from precursors in the bone marrow are recruited and stimulated to differentiate into macrophage cell population. This recruitment is essential for an effective control and clearance of viral infection, but it also contributes to the pathogenesis and degenerative disease in an uncontrolled immune response [9] . ...
Ref: A strategy targeting monocyte-macrophage differentiation to avoid pulmonary complications in SARS-Cov2 infection [Clin Immunol, 2020-04-23]Some patients who died of SARS showed the strong NAb responses and pulmonary proinflammatory accumulation, suggesting NAbs could be associated with fatal acute lung injury.
... of antibody immune response in protecting against pulmonary pathogenesis of SARS-CoV is controversial [31] . Some patients who died of SARS showed the strong NAb responses and pulmonary proinflammatory accumulation, suggesting NAbs could be associated with fatal acute lung injury. Therefore, it is important to take insight into humoral and cellular responses of SARS-CoV-2 when ...
Ref: Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 [Int J Biol Sci, 2020-03-15]Specific Th1/Th17 cells may be activated and contribute to increased inflammation.
... hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage lung tissue (i.e. pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome). Specific Th1/Th17 cells may be activated and contribute to increased inflammation. These facts and the higher mortality by COVID-19 observed in those with underlying diseases indicates ...
Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-12]It is widely believed that infection with the SARS-CoV2 virus triggers a disproportionate immune response which causes a devastating systemic injury,
... It is widely believed that infection with the SARS-CoV2 virus triggers a disproportionate immune response which causes a devastating systemic injury, particularly in individuals with obesity, itself a chronic, multi-organ inflammatory disease. Immune cells accumulate in visceral adipose tissue and together with paracrine adipocytes release a wide range of biologically active ...
Ref: The Association between Obesity and Poor Outcome after COVID-19 Indicates a Potential Therapeutic Role for Montelukast [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-27]Virus-induced direct cytopathic effects and viral evasion of host immune responses are believed to play major roles in disease severity.
... specific factors causing the unusually high morbidity and mortality following pathogenic hCoVs are incompletely understood. Virus-induced direct cytopathic effects and viral evasion of host immune responses are believed to play major roles in disease severity. However, studies from humans who died of SARS and more recent studies in animal models ...
Ref: Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology [Semin Immunopathol, 2017-05-02]Replication of RNA viruses such as the COV family is accompanied by excessive production of interferons, neutrophils and macrophages which brings about a massive immune response,
... Replication of RNA viruses such as the COV family is accompanied by excessive production of interferons, neutrophils and macrophages which brings about a massive immune response, referred to as "cytokine storm". This overproduction negatively affects the balance of the inflammatory responses and the normal function of cytokines. ...
Ref: Survival of covid-19 patients requires precise immune regulation: the hypothetical immunoprotective role of nicotinic agonists [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-23]cytopathic effects directly caused by the virus infection and immunopathology injury caused by violent cytokine storms.
... by anti-Fc antibodies, all of which trigger the release of mass pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, the COVID-19 patient"s clinical symptoms exacerbated may be the result of a combination that cytopathic effects directly caused by the virus infection and immunopathology injury caused by violent cytokine storms. ...
Ref: Cytokine Storm Induced by SARS-CoV-2 [Clin Chim Acta, 2020-06-10]Excessive activation of inflammatory mediators creating a 'cytokine storm', leading to damage to the endothelium;
... skin that could result in potential dermatological manifestations, there is still room for more investigation. Excessive activation of inflammatory mediators creating a "cytokine storm", leading to damage to the endothelium; formation of multiple thromboses in the microvasculature of the skin; changes in the cellular component ...
Ref: Are the cutaneous manifestations during or due to SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 frequent or not? Revision of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms [Inflamm Res, 2020-06-02]One mechanism, direct myocardial injury, will be addressed subsequently in this review.
... suggested to explain the increased vulnerability of patients with underlying CVD for severe COVID-19 disease. One mechanism, direct myocardial injury, will be addressed subsequently in this review. Other proposed mechanisms include: 1) Ineffective adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the increased demand ...
Ref: Myocardial injury and COVID-19: Possible mechanisms [Life Sci, 2020-04-28]viral infection, leading to the expression of viral proteins and local damage at the epithelial cells, leads to the PMN cells infiltration.
... healing and re-epithelialization of damaged regions [29] . According to Channappanavar et al. [53] , viral infection, leading to the expression of viral proteins and local damage at the epithelial cells, leads to the PMN cells infiltration. PMN cells contribute to local production of cytokines and chemokines; in particular, the interaction of ...
Ref: COVID 19: a clue from innate immunity [Immunol Res, 2020-06-10]