¿Cual es el mecanismo del síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas en el COVID-19?

(What is the mechanism of cytokine storm syndrome on the covid-19?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

COVID‐19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients.

COVID-19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients.

It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines.

The primary clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are fever, fatigue and dry cough.

SARS-CoV2 causes the lysis of the immune-mediators leading to a cytokine storm able to induce lung epithelium damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

COVID‐19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients.

... COVID‐19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients. In order to reduce the cytokine storm, we would like to propose the IL6 receptor antagonist therapy for the COVID‐19 patients. Two humanized monoclonal antibodies are in clinical trial following ...

Ref: COVID‐19: Consider IL6 receptor antagonist for the therapy of cytokine storm syndrome in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients [J Med Virol, 2020-05-28]

COVID-19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients.

... COVID-19 leads to mortality of several patients and the cytokine storm is reportedly critical in the patients. In order to reduce the cytokine storm, we would like to propose the IL6 receptor antagonist therapy for the COVID-19 patients. Two humanized monoclonal antibodies are in clinical trial following ...

Ref: COVID-19: Consider IL6 receptor antagonist for the therapy of cytokine storm syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients [J. med. virol, 2020]

It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines.

... Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet. The attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike ...

Ref: COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation [Cytokine, 2020-05-30]

The primary clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are fever, fatigue and dry cough.

... The primary clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are fever, fatigue and dry cough. Several clinical studies reported that some patients with low or medium fever, or even without obvious symptom, rapidly progressed to severe or critical illness, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, septic ...

Ref: Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of COVID-19 based on literature mining of targeting cytokine storm/ 基于干预细胞因子风暴文献挖掘的中医药治疗重症新型冠状病毒肺炎探讨 [Chin. Trad. Herbal Drugs, 2020]

SARS-CoV2 causes the lysis of the immune-mediators leading to a cytokine storm able to induce lung epithelium damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

... is often self-limiting and overcomes without tissue damage. In severe phenotype, resembling a "cytokine-release syndrome", SARS-CoV2 causes the lysis of the immune-mediators leading to a cytokine storm able to induce lung epithelium damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In critical patients, the immune response may become uncontrolled, thus the cytokine burst resembles a ...

Ref: The amount of cytokine-release defines different shades of Sars-Cov2 infection [Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2020]

A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a 'Cytokine Storm Syndrome' (CSS).

... A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a "Cytokine Storm Syndrome" (CSS). In this review we compare the clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of COVID-CSS with other hematological CSS, namely secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), and CAR-T cell ...

Ref: Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes [Blood Rev, 2020]

Cytokine storm syndrome is an umbrella term describ ing various frequently fatal hyperinflammatory con di tions,

... interleukin-2 [IL-2] receptor-α, and ferritin) of severe COVID-19 are reminiscent of cytokine storm syndrome. 1 Cytokine storm syndrome is an umbrella term describ ing various frequently fatal hyperinflammatory con di tions, such as macro phage activation syn drome, haemo phagocytic lymphohistiocytois, and cytokine release syn drome. ...

Ref: Coronavirus is the trigger, but the immune response is deadly [Lancet Rheumatol, 2020-05-29]

Inflammatory storm refers to an excessive inflammatory response flaring out of control and the immune system gone awry.

... Inflammatory storm refers to an excessive inflammatory response flaring out of control and the immune system gone awry. To identify which kind of immune cells are involved in and which inflammatory cytokine is the critical target in these severe COVID-19 patients, we analyzed peripheral blood samples from patients ...

Ref: Why tocilizumab could be an effective treatment for severe COVID-19? [J Transl Med, 2020-04-14]

COVID-19 associated cytokine storm could induce ARDS rapidly and the patients would require the support of mechanic ventilation.

... COVID-19 associated cytokine storm could induce ARDS rapidly and the patients would require the support of mechanic ventilation. However, the prognosis was not that optimistic. The outcome might be changed if the intervention of EBP was performed timely. We present a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who recovered ...

Ref: Successful recovery of severe COVID-19 with cytokine storm treating with extracorporeal blood purification [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-05-26]

A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a “Cytokine Storm Syndrome” (CSS).

... A subset of patients with severe COVID-19 develop profound inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction consistent with a “Cytokine Storm Syndrome” (CSS). In this review we compare the clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of COVID-CSS with other hematological CSS, namely secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH), idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), and CAR-T cell ...

Ref: Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes [Blood Rev, 2020-05-15]

This also seems to exert deleterious effects on multiple organs and systems and lead to longlasting changes in brain and behaviour.

... cytokine storm involved in the severity and mortality of COVID-19 appears to escalate psychiatric manifestations. This also seems to exert deleterious effects on multiple organs and systems and lead to longlasting changes in brain and behaviour. The long-standing theory that chronic low-grade inflammation lead to psychiatric diseases may not constitute the ...

Ref: Changing dynamics of psychoneuroimmunology during COVID-19 pandemic [Brain Behav Immun Health, 2020-06-15]

disordered host responses contribute to path ology.

... auto inflammatory disorders, and it could be beneficial in COVID-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome, in which disordered host responses contribute to path ology. Inflammatory endothelial activation, antiphospho lipid antibodies, and complement activation all promote a pro inflammatory and ...

Ref: Novel paediatric presentation of COVID-19 with ARDS and cytokine storm syndrome without respiratory symptoms [Lancet Rheumatol, 2020-05-15]

The severity of COVID-19 may be due in part to the patient's response to the infection.

... diseases, are now being called into action to combat the cytokine storm induced by COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 may be due in part to the patient"s response to the infection. In some patients, the virus induces an outpouring of inflammatory mediators that leads to swelling, ...

Ref: Can cell therapies halt cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients? [Sci. Transl. Med., 2020]

Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) may complicate the process of severe COVID-19 patients.

... present. Most of the critical cases developed multiple organ dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) may complicate the process of severe COVID-19 patients. This manuscript reviews the different aspects of blood purification in critically ill patients with AKI ...

Ref: Is there a role for blood purification therapies targeting cytokine storm syndrome in critically severe COVID-19 patients? [Ren Fail, 2020]

independent reports indicate that the magnitude of the cytokine storm correlates positively with the severity of pathology, likelihood of needing intensive care, and death.

... epidemic, 40 hantavirus, 41 ebola, 42 and smallpox. 43 In the specific case of COVID-19, independent reports indicate that the magnitude of the cytokine storm correlates positively with the severity of pathology, likelihood of needing intensive care, and death. Many inflammatory markers, cytokines, and chemokines have been found to be significantly associated with worse ...

Ref: Down Syndrome and COVID-19: A Perfect Storm? [Cell Rep Med, 2020-05-19]

We recommend identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality.

... focus has been on the development of novel therapeutics, including antivirals and vaccines. Accumulating evidence suggests that a subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 might have a cytokine storm syndrome. We recommend identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality. ...

Ref: COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression [Lancet, 2020-03-16]

Broad screening for cytokine storm and early, targeted antiinflammatory therapy may prevent immunopathology and could help conserve limited health care resources.

... Poor outcomes in COVID-19 correlate with clinical and laboratory features of cytokine storm syndrome. Broad screening for cytokine storm and early, targeted antiinflammatory therapy may prevent immunopathology and could help conserve limited health care resources. While studies are ongoing, extrapolating from clinical experience in cytokine storm syndromes may benefit the multidisciplinary ...

Ref: On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in COVID-19 [Arthritis rheumatol. (Malden. Online), 2020]

a plethora of cytokine receptors indiscriminately use these JAKs as mediators of ligands binding and consequent activation of the inflammatory cascade (45) .

... inhibitor, may control the hyper-inflammatory steps in those diseases, characterized by a cytokine storm, since a plethora of cytokine receptors indiscriminately use these JAKs as mediators of ligands binding and consequent activation of the inflammatory cascade (45) . Furthermore, the disruption of P2-associated protein kinase 1, a known regulator of viral endocytosis into ...

Ref: Severe COVID-19, Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Hyperferritinemic Syndrome. An Immunomodulatory Perspective to Alleviate the Storm [Front Immunol, 2020-05-28]

Cytokine storm is a condition caused by extensive activation of the immune system, and, as a result, extremely high production of cytokines and chemokines.

... including cytokine storm and extensive lung damage during SARS and COVID-19 infection may be similar. Cytokine storm is a condition caused by extensive activation of the immune system, and, as a result, extremely high production of cytokines and chemokines. Since cytokine storm can lead to multiple organ failure, it is important to understand the ...

Ref: IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-20]

Among these cytokines, IL-6 plays a key role in cytokine storm and can predict the adverse clinical outcomes and fatality in these patients.

... coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Accumulating evidence established a hyperinflammatory states or cytokine storm in COVID-19. Among these cytokines, IL-6 plays a key role in cytokine storm and can predict the adverse clinical outcomes and fatality in these patients. Based on the evidence of the significant role of IL-6 in cytokine storm, diabetes mellitus ...

Ref: Cytokine storm in COVID-19 and parthenolide: preclinical evidence [Phytother. res, 2020]

Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening “cytokine storms”.

... Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening “cytokine storms”. Controlling the local and systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19 may be as important as anti-viral therapies. Endogenous lipid autacoid mediators, referred to as eicosanoids, play a critical role in the ...

Ref: Inflammation resolution: a dual-pronged approach to averting cytokine storms in COVID-19? [Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2020-05-08]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm.

... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm. We describe a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a recently diagnosed pediatric Crohn"s disease patient successfully treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockade. The patient presented with five days ...

Ref: Pediatric Crohn's Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and COVID-19 Treated with Infliximab [J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2020-05-21]

Excessive cytokines may spill into the circulatory system and cause systemic cytokine storms, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction [7, 57] .

... virus-infected dendritic cells (DC) lead to a broader immune response, attracting more inflammatory cells to inflammatory sites, releasing a large number of cytokines, which eventually, results in a cytokine storm. Excessive cytokines may spill into the circulatory system and cause systemic cytokine storms, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction [7, 57] . ...

Ref: Biochemical indicators of coronavirus disease 2019 exacerbation and the clinical implications [Pharmacol Res, 2020-05-23]

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in cytokine release syndrome.

... treatment of the cytokine storm has become an important part of rescuing severe COVID-19 patients. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in cytokine release syndrome. If it is possible to block the signal transduction pathway of IL-6, it is expected ...

Ref: Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020]

excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced and may contribute to morbidity and mortality in these patients.

... severe COVID-19, this disruption leads to a condition described as a "cytokine storm", in which excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced and may contribute to morbidity and mortality in these patients. A potential INFγ-related cytokine storm was first identified in some patients suffering with SARS-CoV infection ...

Ref: The novel immunomodulatory biologic LMWF5A for pharmacological attenuation of the “cytokine storm” in COVID-19 patients: a hypothesis [Patient Saf Surg, 2020-05-13]

The upper left corner shows that an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, could inhibit the activation of memory B cells and therefore inhibit the ADE process.

... more and more cytokines released, a so-called cytokine storm is formed during the ADE process. The upper left corner shows that an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, could inhibit the activation of memory B cells and therefore inhibit the ADE process. IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; IL-6, interleukin 6; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; TNF-α, ...

Ref: Immunoregulation with mTOR inhibitors to prevent COVID‐19 severity: A novel intervention strategy beyond vaccines and specific antiviral medicines [J Med Virol, 2020-05-22]

The cytokine storm is an abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines, due to the over-activation of the innate immune response.

... The cytokine storm is an abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines, due to the over-activation of the innate immune response. This mechanism has been recognized as a critical mediator of influenza-induced lung disease, and it could be pivotal for COVID-19 infections. Thus, an immunomodulatory approach targeting the over-production of cytokines ...

Ref: Pharmacological (or Synthetic) and Nutritional Agonists of PPAR-Î³ as Candidates for Cytokine Storm Modulation in COVID-19 Disease [Molecules (Basel), 2020]

COVID-19 induced strong immune response is resulting from the release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,

... death cause of coronavirus is cytokine storm, which is the deadly uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response. COVID-19 induced strong immune response is resulting from the release of large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are similar to the symptoms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Hence, although the pathogenesis ...

Ref: Immune environment modulation in pneumonia patients caused by coronavirus: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [Aging (Albany NY), 2020-05-02]

Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been associated with poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients.

... Rationale: Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines have been associated with poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients. It is unknown, however, how these levels compare to those observed in critically ill patients with ARDS or sepsis due to other causes. Objectives: To directly compare plasma levels ...

Ref: Cytokine profile in plasma of severe COVID-19 does not differ from ARDS and sepsis [Aging (Albany NY), 2020-05-16]

characterized by reduced numbers of circulating memory T lymphocytes, as well as reduced helper/suppressor and regulatory T-cell subtypes.

... suggests that SARS-CoV-2 induces a dysregulated immune response in severely ill individuals with COVID-19 (32), characterized by reduced numbers of circulating memory T lymphocytes, as well as reduced helper/suppressor and regulatory T-cell subtypes. It is tempting to speculate whether already dysfunctional immune responses in individuals with obesity may ...

Ref: Is Adipose Tissue a Reservoir for Viral Spread, Immune Activation, and Cytokine Amplification in Coronavirus Disease 2019? [Obesity (Silver Spring), 2020-05-31]

Relevant inflammatory cytokine storm is associated with severity of disease and IL1 inhibition is a cornerstone treatment for hyperinflammatory diseases.

... Abstract Coronavirus Disease 19 is a global healthcare emergency with high lethality rate. Relevant inflammatory cytokine storm is associated with severity of disease and IL1 inhibition is a cornerstone treatment for hyperinflammatory diseases. We present here the case of a patient with critical COVID-19 successfully treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist ...

Ref: Use of anakinra in severe COVID-19: a case report [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-05-11]

Medications that target catecholamine-associated inflammation may prevent cytokine storm syndrome associated with COVID-19 and other diseases.

Ref: Preventing cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 using α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists. [The Journal of clinical investigation, 2020-04-30]

The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex.

... Summary Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli. The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...

Ref: The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19 [J Infect, 2020-04-10]

Lymphopenia causes a defect in antiviral and immune regulatory immunity.

... lung tissue damage, a cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. Lymphopenia causes a defect in antiviral and immune regulatory immunity. At the same time, a cytokine storm starts with extensive activation of cytokine‐secreting cells with ...

Ref: Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19 [Allergy, 2020-05-12]

In the later stage of disease, some COVID-19 patients may develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome or even multiple organ failure.

... Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the treatment of patients and social stability. In the later stage of disease, some COVID-19 patients may develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome or even multiple organ failure. However, one of the most important mechanism underlying the deterioration of disease is cytokine storm. ...

Ref: [Advances in the research of cytokine storm mechanism induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies] [Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi, 2020]

different initiating pathways culminating in cytotoxic dysfunction and uncontrolled activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages.

... lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) are increasingly recognized as being on a continuum of cytokine storm syndromes, with different initiating pathways culminating in cytotoxic dysfunction and uncontrolled activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The activated immune cells produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1ß (IL)-1ß. Management ...

Ref: Intravenous Anakinra for Macrophage Activation Syndrome May Hold Lessons for Treatment of Cytokine Storm in the Setting of Coronavirus Disease 2019 [Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi, 2020]

the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been thought to be predominantly related to an aggressive inflammatory response.

... As viral replication progressively decreases during the latter days of infection, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been thought to be predominantly related to an aggressive inflammatory response. Thus, the intense release of proinflammatory cytokines (viz cytokine storm) in the host leads to diffuse alveolar damage, severe ...

Ref: May the Central Nervous System Be Fogged by the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19?: an Appraisal [J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2020-06-11]

In addition to anti-viral therapy and supportive treatment in critically ill patients, unique medications for this condition are also under investigation.

... as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), may play a major role in the pathology of COVID-19. In addition to anti-viral therapy and supportive treatment in critically ill patients, unique medications for this condition are also under investigation. Here we reviewed therapeutic options, including the antibody therapy that might be an immediate strategy ...

Ref: Opciones Terapéuticas En El Manejo De Covid-19 Grave: Una Perspectiva De Reumatología./ [Therapeutic options for the management of severe Covid-19: A rheumatology perspective] [Reumatol. clin. (Barc.), 2020]

characterized by a fulminant and fatal hyper-cytokinemia associated with multi-organ failure.

... requires admission to intensive-care-units (ICU) due to acute respiratory distress syndrome that requires mechanical ventilation support. A subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 can experience the so-called "cytokine storm syndrome", characterized by a fulminant and fatal hyper-cytokinemia associated with multi-organ failure. ...

Ref: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-11]

COVID-19 infection has a heterogenous disease course; it may be asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms in the majority of the cases,

... COVID-19 infection has a heterogenous disease course; it may be asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms in the majority of the cases, while immunologic complications such as macrophage activation syndrome also known as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, resulting in cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome, may also occur in some patients. ...

Ref: Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment [Clin. rheumatol, 2020]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) could lead to a sharp increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines.

... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) could lead to a sharp increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines. We report the efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in severe COVID‐19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The results suggested TPE could be used as a strategy to attenuate circulating ...

Ref: Efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in severe COVID‐19 patients [Br J Haematol, 2020-05-26]

Thus, identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality.

... research suggests that few groups of patients with COVID-19 might have a cytokine storm syndrome. Thus, identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality. To date, no specific therapeutic drug or vaccine has been discovered to treat this COVID-19. ...

Ref: COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-07]

causing severe pneumonia and acute lung injury in many patients.

... 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently spreading globally, causing severe pneumonia and acute lung injury in many patients. Even worse, severe respiratory may develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction ...

Ref: Cytokine Storm Induced by SARS-CoV-2 [Clin. chim. acta, 2020]

Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening 'cytokine storms'.

... Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening "cytokine storms". Controlling the local and systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19 may be as important as anti-viral therapies. Endogenous lipid autacoid mediators, referred to as eicosanoids, play a critical role in the ...

Ref: Inflammation resolution: a dual-pronged approach to averting cytokine storms in COVID-19? [Cancer metastasis. rev, 2020]

COVID-19 is initiated by the attachment of the virus to the pharynx or respiratory epithelium and this causes sore throat.

... viruses and it will reduce the number of COVID-19 viruses which enter into the cells. COVID-19 is initiated by the attachment of the virus to the pharynx or respiratory epithelium and this causes sore throat. Currently, however, we do not know about whether the number of virus attached to the ...

Ref: Seven recommendations to rescue the patients and reduce the mortality from COVID-19 infection: An immunological point of view [Autoimmun Rev, 2020-05-03]

Overactivation of the adaptive immune system can lead to cytokine storm and its suppression via Vit D can reduce the cytokines level.

... interactions with immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, and antigenpresenting cells leads to immune regulation by enhancing the innate immune system and suppressing the adaptive immune system [8, 9] . Overactivation of the adaptive immune system can lead to cytokine storm and its suppression via Vit D can reduce the cytokines level. ...

Ref: The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients and Associated Mortality [Autoimmun Rev, 2020-04-10]

characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.

... that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Then, a cytokine storm can induce edematous, ARDS, pneumonia, as well as multiple organ failure ...

Ref: The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of "inflame-aging" [Inflamm. res, 2020]

marked inflammatory and immune responses may activate a 'cytokine storm', and apoptosis of epithelial cells and endothelial cells;

... high genetic homology among SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infected animal model, marked inflammatory and immune responses may activate a "cytokine storm", and apoptosis of epithelial cells and endothelial cells; subsequently, vascular leakage, abnormal T cell and macrophages responses ensue and induce ALI/ARDS or even ...

Ref: COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment [Life Sci, 2020-06-01]

Cytokine storm is the result of uncontrolled immune activation which leads to hyperinflammation and multi-organ disease [19] .

... acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm that can lead to mortality [18] . Cytokine storm is the result of uncontrolled immune activation which leads to hyperinflammation and multi-organ disease [19] . Although everyone is susceptible to being infected by this novel virus, COVID-19 affects a specific ...

Ref: Implications of COVID-19 in pediatric rheumatology [Rheumatol Int, 2020-06-04]

PDL could balance the physiological activity, regulate the immune response, inhibit the inflammatory storm in animal and cell experiments.

... be useful in the treatment of COVID-19 through regulating and targeting many cytokines and chemokines. PDL could balance the physiological activity, regulate the immune response, inhibit the inflammatory storm in animal and cell experiments. However, these potential targets predicted by bioinformatic and network pharmacology tools need further investigation to ...

Ref: Analysis of the molecular mechanism of Pudilan (PDL) treatment for COVID-19 by network pharmacology tools [Biomed Pharmacother, 2020-05-30]

Cytokine storms are drivers of pathology and mortality in myriad viral infections affecting the human population.

... Cytokine storms are drivers of pathology and mortality in myriad viral infections affecting the human population. In SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, the strength of the cytokine storm has been associated with increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial damage, and death. However, the therapeutic value of attenuating ...

Ref: JAK1 inhibition blocks lethal sterile immune responses: implications for COVID-19 therapy [bioRxiv, 2020-04-09]

identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality.

... suggests that few groups of patients with COVID-19 might have a cytokine storm syndrome. Thus, identification and treatment of hyperinflammation using existing, approved therapies with proven safety profiles to address the immediate need to reduce the rising mortality. To date, no specific therapeutic drug or vaccine has been discovered to treat this COVID-19. ...

Ref: COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-05-07]

Regretfully, the exact pathophysiology and treatment, especially for the severe COVID-19, is still uncertain.

... the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines "cytokine storm" leading to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. Regretfully, the exact pathophysiology and treatment, especially for the severe COVID-19, is still uncertain. The results of preliminary studies have shown that immune-modulatory or immune-suppressive treatments such as hydroxychloroquine, ...

Ref: COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs [Turk J Med Sci, 2020]

The pathogenesis of the cytokine storm is complex. The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high.

Ref: The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19 [J Infect, 2020-04-10]

suggesting that mortality could be due to viral hyperinflammation that exacerbates lung damage.

... syndrome characterized by an increase in IL-2, IL-7, G-CSF, CXCL10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α and IL-6, suggesting that mortality could be due to viral hyperinflammation that exacerbates lung damage. 3 In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to investigate whether IL-6/IFN-γ ratio can help ...

Ref: High IL‐6/IFN‐γ ratio could be associated with severe disease in COVID‐19 patients [J Med Virol, 2020-04-16]

In examining leukocyte and cytokine activity in COVID-19, we focus in particular on how these levels are altered as the disease progresses

... use of convalescent plasma transfusion; as well as immunoregulatory therapy and traditional Chinese medicine regimes. In examining leukocyte and cytokine activity in COVID-19, we focus in particular on how these levels are altered as the disease progresses (neutrophil NETosis, macrophage, T cell response, etc.) and proposed consequences to organ pathology (coagulopathy, etc.). ...

Ref: Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts [J. leukoc. biol, 2020]

It has been suggested that this cytokine storm in covid-19 may lead to secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,

... ARDS and multiorgan failure suffer from hyperinflammation and a cytokine storm syndrome. [27] [28] [29] It has been suggested that this cytokine storm in covid-19 may lead to secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a hyperinflammatory disorder triggered by viral infections that is associated with multiorgan failure and high ...

Ref: Covid-19 and immunomodulation in IBD [Gut, 2020-04-16]

Clinical reports show that both mild and severe forms of disease result in changes in circulating leukocyte subsets and cytokine secretion,

... with the hyperproduction of cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome. Clinical reports show that both mild and severe forms of disease result in changes in circulating leukocyte subsets and cytokine secretion, particularly IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF, GM-CSF, IP-10 (IFN-induced protein 10), IL-17, MCP-3, and IL-1ra. Not ...

Cytokine storm can cause injury to tissue, morbidity, and mortality [8] .

... restored. When that resistance is hyperactive, an exaggerated inflammatory response may occur called ""cytokine storm."" Cytokine storm can cause injury to tissue, morbidity, and mortality [8] . The SARS-nCoV-2 virus targets epithelial cells of the respiratory system and these progeny viruses can ...

Ref: COVID-19 and NSAIDS: A Narrative Review of Knowns and Unknowns [Pain Ther, 2020-05-24]

T lymphocytes are hyperactivated, and there is an enormous amount of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1,

... As mentioned above SARS and COVID-19 infections may cause MAS and cytokine storm. T lymphocytes are hyperactivated, and there is an enormous amount of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1, which contribute to vascular permeability, plasma leakage, and DIC, thereby causing pulmonary damage and ARDS, as well ...

Ref: Cytokine storm in COVID-19: pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment [Clin Rheumatol, 2020-05-30]

defective clearance of both virus and infected cells.

Lymphopenia and lymphocyte exhaustion are hallmarks of COVID-19 and are possibly responsible for the cytokine storm due to defective clearance of both virus and infected cells.

Ref: Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions [Autoimmun Rev, 2020-05-04]

is a rapidly spreading global pandemic in urgent need of effective treatments.

... COVID-19, the illness caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is a rapidly spreading global pandemic in urgent need of effective treatments. Here we present a comprehensive examination of the host- and virus-targeted functions of the flavonolignan silibinin, a potential drug ...

Ref: Silibinin and SARS-CoV-2: Dual Targeting of Host Cytokine Storm and Virus Replication Machinery for Clinical Management of COVID-19 Patients. [Journal of clinical medicine, 2020-06-07]

High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may act directly on the sinoatrial (SA) node contributing to the development of bradycardia.

... hypoxia, inflammatory damage of cardiac pacemaker cells, and exaggerated response to medications are possible triggers. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may act directly on the sinoatrial (SA) node contributing to the development of bradycardia. This may be a warning sign of the onset of a serious cytokine storm. An ...

Ref: Bradycardia in Patients With COVID-19: A Calm Before the Storm? [Journal of clinical medicine, 2020-06-13]

Clinical investigations in patients with COVID-19 has shown a strong upregulation of cytokine and interferon production in SARS-CoV2- induced pneumonia,

... coronavirus 2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed into an unprecedented global pandemic. Clinical investigations in patients with COVID-19 has shown a strong upregulation of cytokine and interferon production in SARS-CoV2- induced pneumonia, with an associated cytokine storm syndrome. Thus, the identification of existing approved therapies with proven ...

Ref: COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons [Cytokine growth factor rev, 2020]

Infection with COVID-19 potentially can result in severe outcomes and death from 'cytokine storm syndrome',

... Purpose: Infection with COVID-19 potentially can result in severe outcomes and death from "cytokine storm syndrome", resulting in novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) with severe dyspnea, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), fulminant myocarditis and multiorgan dysfunction with or without disseminated intravascular coagulation. No published treatment to ...

Ref: Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases [Respir Med Case Rep, 2020]

The term cytokine storm syndromes describes conditions characterised by a life-threatening, fulminant hypercytokinaemia with high mortality.

... Summary The term cytokine storm syndromes describes conditions characterised by a life-threatening, fulminant hypercytokinaemia with high mortality. Cytokine storm syndromes can be genetic or a secondary complication of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, infections, and haematological malignancies. These syndromes represent a key area of interface between rheumatology ...

Ref: Silencing the cytokine storm: the use of intravenous anakinra in haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or macrophage activation syndrome [Lancet Rheumatol, 2020-05-04]

This is distinct from HLH associated with immunodeficiency states termed primary HLH -with radically different therapy strategies in both situations.

... of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) or cytokine storm, also known as secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (sHLH). This is distinct from HLH associated with immunodeficiency states termed primary HLH -with radically different therapy strategies in both situations. COVID-19 infection with MAS typically occurs in subjects with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ...

Ref: The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease [Autoimmun Rev, 2020]

Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines that having a wide range of biological activity from a variety of tissues cells

... Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines that having a wide range of biological activity from a variety of tissues cells (mainly for immune cells), which due to different infection and a loss of negative feedback on the immune. In turn, those cytokines drive a positive feedback on others immune cells ...

Ref: Cytokine Storm Induced by SARS-CoV-2 [Clin Chim Acta, 2020-06-10]

due to defective clearance of both virus and infected cells.

Lymphopenia and lymphocyte exhaustion are hallmarks of COVID-19 and are possibly responsible for the cytokine storm due to defective clearance of both virus and infected cells.

Ref: Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions [Autoimmun Rev, 2020-05-04]

chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can reduce the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines,

... T cells) via Toll-like receptor signalling and cGAS stimulation of interferon genes [11] . Thus, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can reduce the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, interferon-α and tumour necrosis factor, which are involved in the cytokine ...

Ref: Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies [Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020-04-16]

Cytokine storm alters vascular permeability, blocks airways, causes edema, hypoxia, and target organ damage, etc.

... "cytokine storm", which causes many immune cells and secretions in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Cytokine storm alters vascular permeability, blocks airways, causes edema, hypoxia, and target organ damage, etc. The occurrence of cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19 is an essential cause of exacerbation ...

Ref: Review on the potential action mechanisms of Chinese medicines in treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Pharmacol Res, 2020-05-21]

increased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, etc.

... has indicated that patients with severe COVID-19 might experience cytokine release syndrome (CRS), characterized by increased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, etc. Therefore, the treatment of cytokine storm has been proposed as a critical part of rescuing ...

Ref: Targeting JAK-STAT Signaling to Control Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19 [Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2020-06-17]

Indeed, in some patients, SARS-CoV-2 promotes a dysfunctional immune response that dysregulates the cytokine secretory pattern.

... syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the widespread clinical syndrome known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, in some patients, SARS-CoV-2 promotes a dysfunctional immune response that dysregulates the cytokine secretory pattern. Hypercytokinemia underlies the hyperinflammatory state leading to injury of alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial ...

Ref: Lung under attack by COVID-19-induced cytokine storm: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. [Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2020]

suppression of PD1/PD-L1) could inhibit lymphopenia and also compensate the lymphocyte counts in severe patients of COVID-19.

... Identifying the potential factors in connection to the immune system may provide clues for finding a suitable treatment of COVID-19. suppression of PD1/PD-L1) could inhibit lymphopenia and also compensate the lymphocyte counts in severe patients of COVID-19. ...

Ref: Lymphopenia in COVID‐19: Therapeutic opportunities [Cell Biol Int, 2020-06-03]

GM-CSF will further activate CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and produce more IL-6 and other inflammatory factors,

... can rapidly activate pathogenic T cells to produce granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-6. GM-CSF will further activate CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and produce more IL-6 and other inflammatory factors, resulting in a cytokine storm that causes severe immune damage to the lungs and other ...

Ref: The role of interleukin‐6 in monitoring severe case of coronavirus disease 2019 [EMBO Mol Med, 2020-06-05]

results from continuous release of endogenous alarmins or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) from damaged organs.

... thought to be triggered by a cytokine storm during acute infection, such as COVID-19, and results from continuous release of endogenous alarmins or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) from damaged organs. This leads to chronic systemic inflammation and a shift from production of bone marrow stem ...

Ref: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases: A delayed pandemic? [EMBO Mol Med, 2020-05-08]

Excessive immune responses can trigger cytokine storms and cause damage to multiple target organs.

... shown that serum levels of inflammatory mediators are significantly higher in patients with severe disease. Excessive immune responses can trigger cytokine storms and cause damage to multiple target organs. Recent guidelines also point that a progressive rise in IL-6 may be a clinical warning ...

Ref: Improved survival outcome in SARs-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome patients with Tocilizumab administration [EMBO Mol Med, 2020-05-16]

characterized by an extreme auto-amplifying cytokine reaction which is followed by the infiltration of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes into the lung.

... the understanding that IL-6 plays an important role in COVID-19-induced cytokine storm-cytokine release syndrome (CRS)- characterized by an extreme auto-amplifying cytokine reaction which is followed by the infiltration of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes into the lung. 2 IL-6-mediated decrease in human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) expression causes lymphoid function defects. 2 ...

Ref: First case of drug‐induced liver injury associated with the use of tocilizumab in a patient with COVID‐19 [Liver Int, 2020-06-01]

Measuring cytokine levels at the point of care is required in order to better understand this process.

... that a hyperinflammatory syndrome or a "cytokine storm" is responsible for poor outcomes in COVID-19. Measuring cytokine levels at the point of care is required in order to better understand this process. In this Perspective, we summarize the main events behind the cytokine storm in COVID-19 as ...

Ref: Biosensors for Managing the COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: Challenges Ahead [ACS Sens, 2020]

In order to regulate inflammation and reduce damage to healthy cells, VD can modulate a favorable immune response and could hypothetically reduce levels of associated complications.

... entry into the cell, it multiplies until reaches many copies, generating a more acute and late inflammatory response. Thus, a storm of cytokines occurs that end up harming healthy cells. In order to regulate inflammation and reduce damage to healthy cells, VD can modulate a favorable immune response and could hypothetically reduce levels of associated complications. ...

Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-12]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough and respiratory failure.

... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly presents with symptoms of fever, fatigue, cough and respiratory failure. However, it appears to have a unique interplay with cardiovascular disease (CVD); patients with pre-existing CVD are at highest risk for mortality from COVID-19, along with the elderly. COVID-19 contributes ...

Ref: Mechanisms of Myocardial Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019 [Card Fail Rev, 2020-05-25]

causing a pro-inflammatory state, related to cardiac and pulmonary damage.

... and obesity. In COVID-19 physiopathology, one of the main inflammation mechanisms is the “cytokine storm”, causing a pro-inflammatory state, related to cardiac and pulmonary damage. There is also a less effective role of lymphocyte B and T in the humoral ...

Ref: Could Autism Spectrum Disorders be a Risk Factor for COVID-19? [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-30]

The etiology is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages with massive hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines,

... syndrome of excessive immune activation that causes fever, pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, splenomegaly, hepatitis, encephalopathy and coagulopathy. The etiology is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages with massive hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). 3, ...

Ref: COVID-19 in Rheumatic Disease Patients on Immunosuppressive Agents [Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020-05-23]

the expression of inflammatory cytokines is related to the severity of the disease (4).

... especially because others have reported that as COVID-19 progresses to its middle and late stages, the expression of inflammatory cytokines is related to the severity of the disease (4). On the basis of our experience, we encourage additional research to determine whether inflammatory cytokines ...

Ref: Cytokine Levels in the Body Fluids of a Patient With COVID-19 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Case Report [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-12]

a potential role of some anti-rheumatic drugs may be hypothesized, acting as direct antivirals or targeting host immune response.

... vaccines have not been developed. Based upon our limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of CoViD-19, a potential role of some anti-rheumatic drugs may be hypothesized, acting as direct antivirals or targeting host immune response. Antimalarial drugs, commonly used in rheumatology, may alter the lysosomal proteases that mediates the viral ...

Ref: Recommendations for coronavirus infection in rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy [J Autoimmun, 2020-04-02]

This network of pathogenic factors is thought to drive a severe immune-mediated interstitial pneumonia and a delayed pulmonary clearance of COVID-19 [3] .

... strong depletion of peripheral blood T cells, along with a decreased recruitment of lymphocytes and neutralizing antibodies and an increased production of cytokines, was detected in the lungs [6] . This network of pathogenic factors is thought to drive a severe immune-mediated interstitial pneumonia and a delayed pulmonary clearance of COVID-19 [3] . ...

Ref: Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients [Crit Care, 2020-06-11]

A multisensor system capable of detecting several of these biomarkers simultaneously would provide evidence to determine disease stage and guide personalized therapies.

... for cytokine detection. As highlighted above, timedependent pro-and anti-inflammatory responses are involved in COVID-19 progression. A multisensor system capable of detecting several of these biomarkers simultaneously would provide evidence to determine disease stage and guide personalized therapies. For example, it has been reported that plasmonic nanosensor arrays can detect 6 cytokines simultaneously ...

Ref: Biosensors for Managing the COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: Challenges Ahead [ACS Sens, 2020-06-02]

aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs,

... pathological results in early stage of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia require further confirmation 17 . In short, aberrant release of multiple cytokines appears to trigger a cytokine storm that produces immunopathogenic damage to tissues and organs, even while the immune response seeks to suppress and eradicate the virus (Figure 1 ). ...

Ref: Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-04-25]

possibly due to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH),

... Sjogren"s syndrome. Severe disease in a subset of patients may be driven by cytokine storm, possibly due to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), akin to that in systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult-onset Still"s disease. In the ...

Ref: Rheumatologists' perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets [Clin. rheumatol, 2020]

caused by the lack of proper regulation of inflammatory immune responses [12, 13] .

... TNFα have been reported in patients with COVID, known as the cytokine storm [11] . This cytokine storm is similar to that seen in SARS and MERS and is caused by the lack of proper regulation of inflammatory immune responses [12, 13] . ...

Ref: Hypothesis for the management and treatment of the COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury using mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes [Med Hypotheses, 2020-05-22]

'Cytokine storm' is an excessive immune response of the body to external stimuli such as viruses and bacteria.

... situation is grim. LANCET figured out that the 2019-nCoV is closely related to "cytokine storm". "Cytokine storm" is an excessive immune response of the body to external stimuli such as viruses and bacteria. As the virus attacking the body, it stimulates the secretion of a large number of ...

Ref: [Study on treatment of "cytokine storm" by anti-2019-nCoV prescriptions based on arachidonic acid metabolic pathway]. [Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2020-03-01]

CD4 + T lymphocytes are rapidly activated to differentiate into pathogenic Th1 cells, generating GM-CSF and other proinflammatory cytokines,

... stimulation of other immune cells [79] . Indeed, it has been shown that during COVID-19, CD4 + T lymphocytes are rapidly activated to differentiate into pathogenic Th1 cells, generating GM-CSF and other proinflammatory cytokines, which further induced activation of monocytes with high expression of IL-6 [80] . In clinical ...

Ref: COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs [Turk J Med Sci, 2020-04-21]

Cytokine storm, severe inflammation, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species damage and increased permeability of vascular bed

... Cytokine storm, severe inflammation, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species damage and increased permeability of vascular bed are responsible for the development of ARDS and multiorgan damage in patients with COVID-19. (24, 25) Elderly patients, particularly those with comorbidities such as DM, cardiovascular disorder, and cancer are ...

Ref: Pirfenidone: A novel hypothetical treatment for COVID-19 [Med Hypotheses, 2020-06-17]

we focus in particular on how these levels are altered as the disease progresses

... immunoregulatory therapy and traditional Chinese medicine regimes. In examining leukocyte and cytokine activity in COVID-19, we focus in particular on how these levels are altered as the disease progresses (neutrophil NETosis, macrophage, T cell response, etc.) and proposed consequences to organ pathology (coagulopathy, etc.). ...

Jaktinib hydrochloride is a broad spectrum JAK inhibitor.

... is limited, so the international medical community is focusing on a specific and effective remedy. Jaktinib hydrochloride is a broad spectrum JAK inhibitor. It can inhibit cytokine-induced immune activation by multiple mechanisms and also slow viral proliferation by ...

Ref: Potential for jaktinib hydrochloride to treat cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19. [Bioscience trends, 2020-06-12]

uncontrolled overproduction of inflammatory cytokines contributes to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

... (MERS-CoV in 2012) that was transmitted to 27 countries. Severe pneumonia caused by pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoV) are often associated with induced hypercytokinemia, also termed cytokine storm, in immunocompetent individuals; uncontrolled overproduction of inflammatory cytokines contributes to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ...

Ref: Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia [Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2020-04-25]

"Cytokine storm" is an excessive immune response of the body to external stimuli such as viruses and bacteria.

Ref: [Study on treatment of "cytokine storm" by anti-2019-nCoV prescriptions based on arachidonic acid metabolic pathway] [Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 2020]

IL-6 is a type of pro-inflammatory cytokine which release in the severe COVID-19 patients.

... in the patients which is known as CRS (cytokine release syndrome) or cytokine storm syndrome. IL-6 is a type of pro-inflammatory cytokine which release in the severe COVID-19 patients. This cytokine initiates CRS the JAK-STAT pathway. Tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is designed to ...

Ref: Tocilizumab: A Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Cytokine Storm Syndrome in COVID-19 [Arch Med Res, 2020-05-21]

demonstrated a strong upregulation of cytokine production in patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV2-induced pneumonia.

... Clinical intervention in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated a strong upregulation of cytokine production in patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV2-induced pneumonia. In a retrospective study of 41 patients with COVID-19, most patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed mild symptoms, whereas some ...

Ref: Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia [Cytokine growth factor rev, 2020]

The main mechanism of ARDS is uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and cytokine storm following the release of proinflammatory cytokines

... distress syndrome (ARDS) is an immunopathologic event and the main cause of death following COVID-19. The main mechanism of ARDS is uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response and cytokine storm following the release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interferons [IFNs], interleukins [ILs], tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-a) and chemokines. 2, 3 Therefore, some ...

Ref: Considerations for Statin Therapy in Patients with COVID‐19 [Pharmacotherapy, 2020-05-04]