¿Que impactos ha tenido COVID-19 en la comunidad afroestadounidense en comparación con el resto de la población estadounidense?

(What are the impacts of covid-19 among african-americans that differ from the rest of the u.s. population?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

Blacks/African-Americans are overrepresented in the number of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations and deaths.

These patients lived in densely populated areas with significantly lower median income and reported a higher in-hospital mortality rate than what is described in the literature.

Study findings indicate an association between communities that have higher percentage of African Americans and negative COVID-19 health outcomes including higher prevalence and higher death rates.

Racial disparities in COVID‐19 infection rates and disease severity are due to a multifactorial etiology that can include socioeconomic as well as other factors.

Background African American have been severely affected by COVID-19 noted with the rising mortality rates within the African American community.

Blacks/African-Americans are overrepresented in the number of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations and deaths.

... Importance: Blacks/African-Americans are overrepresented in the number of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations and deaths. Reasons for this disparity have not been well-characterized but may be due to underlying comorbidities or sociodemographic factors. Objective: To systematically determine patient characteristics associated with racial/ethnic disparities in ...

Ref: COVID-19 outcomes, risk factors and associations by race: a comprehensive analysis using electronic health records data in Michigan Medicine [Genomics, 2020-06-18]

These patients lived in densely populated areas with significantly lower median income and reported a higher in-hospital mortality rate than what is described in the literature.

... In conclusion, we present a single center"s experience with COVID-19 among underserved minority populations. These patients lived in densely populated areas with significantly lower median income and reported a higher in-hospital mortality rate than what is described in the literature. The incidence of in-hospital death was 38.6% and morbidity reported was like what has been described ...

Ref: Coronavirus disease 19 in minority populations of Newark, New Jersey [Int J Equity Health, 2020-06-10]

Study findings indicate an association between communities that have higher percentage of African Americans and negative COVID-19 health outcomes including higher prevalence and higher death rates.

... Study findings indicate an association between communities that have higher percentage of African Americans and negative COVID-19 health outcomes including higher prevalence and higher death rates. Additionally, although not statistically significant in this study, the data suggested that the odds of surviving the epidemic may also be related to poverty levels suggesting that other at-risk minority ...

Ref: The impact of COVID-19 on African American communities in the United States [medRxiv, 2020-05-19]

Racial disparities in COVID‐19 infection rates and disease severity are due to a multifactorial etiology that can include socioeconomic as well as other factors.

... Racial disparities in COVID‐19 infection rates and disease severity are due to a multifactorial etiology that can include socioeconomic as well as other factors. Nevertheless, genetic factors in different ethnic groups often contribute to disease severity and treatment response. In particular, the frequency of genetic variations in the androgen receptor differs by ethnicity and ...

Ref: Racial Variations in COVID‐19 Deaths May Be Due to Androgen Receptor Genetic Variants Associated with Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia. Are Anti‐Androgens a Potential Treatment for COVID‐19? [J Cosmet Dermatol, 2020-04-25]

Background African American have been severely affected by COVID-19 noted with the rising mortality rates within the African American community.

... Background African American have been severely affected by COVID-19 noted with the rising mortality rates within the African American community. Health disparities, health inequities and issues with systemic health access are some of the pre-existing issues African American were subjected to within the southern states in the United States. Second, ...

Ref: Disproportionate COVID-19 Related Mortality Amongst African Americans in Four Southern States in the United States [J Cosmet Dermatol, 2020-06-12]

African Americans are overrepresented among reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths.

... African Americans are overrepresented among reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths. There are a multitude of factors that may explain the African American disparity in COVID-19 outcomes, including higher rates of comorbidities. While individual-level factors predictably contribute to disparate COVID-19 outcomes, ...

Ref: Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be [Health Equity, 2020-04-17]

racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden, as measured by confirmed cases and deaths.

... BACKGROUND Recent news reports state that racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden, as measured by confirmed cases and deaths. Limited racial data is available on a national level. METHODS We conducted the first nationwide analysis to examine COVID-19 and race on a county ...

Ref: Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties. [Journal of public health, 2020-05-21]

Racial disparities in COVID-19 infection rates and disease severity are due to a multifactorial etiology that can include socioeconomic as well as other factors.

... Racial disparities in COVID-19 infection rates and disease severity are due to a multifactorial etiology that can include socioeconomic as well as other factors. Nevertheless, genetic factors in different ethnic groups often contribute to disease severity and treatment response. In particular, the frequency of genetic variations in the androgen receptor differs by ethnicity and ...

Ref: Racial Variations in COVID-19 Deaths May Be Due to Androgen Receptor Genetic Variants Associated with Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia. Are Anti-Androgens a Potential Treatment for COVID-19? [Journal of public health, 2020]

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected African American populations disproportionately in regards to both morbidity and mortality.

... The COVID-19 pandemic has affected African American populations disproportionately in regards to both morbidity and mortality. There are likely a multitude of factors that account for this discrepancy. Here, we re-mine The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) public RNA-Seq data to catalog whether ...

Ref: Differential expression of COVID-19-related genes in European Americans and African Americans [bioRxiv, 2020-06-13]

There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasians for COVID-19 infection and mortality.

... towards COVID-19 has not been discussed in detail worldwide and specifically in the United States. There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasians for COVID-19 infection and mortality. While the health-care authorities are reorganizing their resources and the infrastructure to provide care for ...

Ref: Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States (USA). [Journal of medical Internet research, 2020-06-03]

African Americans are less likely than whites to use high-quality hospitals, ambulatory care services, and regular primary care providers;

... but with minority groups, we may not be improving on any of the components adequately. African Americans are less likely than whites to use high-quality hospitals, ambulatory care services, and regular primary care providers; this is most likely a result of barriers to accessing high-quality treatment, 13 as African ...

Ref: Coronavirus Disease Health Care Delivery Impact on African Americans [Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2020-05-29]

African-Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the disease, yet they are traditionally less engaged in mental health treatment compared with other racial groups.

... The mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are particularly relevant in African-American communities because African-Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the disease, yet they are traditionally less engaged in mental health treatment compared with other racial groups. Using the state of Michigan as an example, we describe the social and psychological consequences ...

Ref: Social and psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in African-American communities: Lessons from Michigan [Psychological trauma, 2020]

Most reports indicate higher case fatality among African Americans across major U.S. metropolitan areas.

... is emerging evidence of race disparities in the evolving COVID-19 pandemic across the continental U.S. Most reports indicate higher case fatality among African Americans across major U.S. metropolitan areas. [9] [10] [11] However, robust insights on the racial and ethnic differences for SARS-CoV-2 infection ...

Ref: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Analysis of a COVID-19 Observational Registry for a Diverse U.S. Metropolitan Population [Psychological trauma, 2020-04-28]

African American patients are experiencing hospitalizations and 144 death at disproportionately high rates, and strategies to mitigate these unacceptable 145 outcomes are urgently needed.

... across the globe following stay-at-home orders, As ongoing COVID-19 studies are 143 released almost daily, African American patients are experiencing hospitalizations and 144 death at disproportionately high rates, and strategies to mitigate these unacceptable 145 outcomes are urgently needed. These studies also need to take into account different 146 characteristics of, experiences with, and ...

Ref: Air pollution, racial disparities and COVID-19 mortality [J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020-05-07]

African American have been severely affected by COVID-19 noted with the rising mortality rates within the African American community.

Ref: Disproportionate COVID-19 Related Mortality Amongst African Americans in Four Southern States in the United States [J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020-06-12]

many states have reported a higher proportion of deaths among African-Americans In our study,

... Abstract As reporting of COVID-19 at the US state level has become more granular, many states have reported a higher proportion of deaths among African-Americans In our study, we assessed state level data on race, population density, age, obesity rates, insurance data, GDP, per ...

Ref: Differences in race and other state-level characteristics and associations with mortality from COVID-19 infection [Journal of Medical Virology, 2020]

African-Americans, men and younger aged individuals are more likely to leave their homes.

... Third, there were important differences in reported behavior. African-Americans, men and younger aged individuals are more likely to leave their homes. Some of the difference in behavior may be related to social circumstance. For example, African-Americans less likely to be able to telecommute ...

Ref: Disparities in COVID-19 Reported Incidence, Knowledge, and Behavior [Journal of Medical Virology, 2020-05-19]

Disparities in COVID-19 mortality rates could contribute to elevated grief and psychiatric morbidity among socially disadvantaged groups.

... Disparities in COVID-19 mortality rates could contribute to elevated grief and psychiatric morbidity among socially disadvantaged groups. As of May 27, 2020 aggregated data from 40 states that publicly report COVID-19 deaths by race/ethnicity indicate that the COVID-19 mortality rate is 2.4 times higher among African Americans ...

Ref: COVID-19 and mental health equity in the United States [Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2020-06-17]

more than one of every three patients were at risk for in-hospital death or morbidity.

... 1000 U/L. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from an inter-city hospital"s experience with COVID-19 among underserved minority populations showed that, more than one of every three patients were at risk for in-hospital death or morbidity. Older age and elevated inflammatory markers at presentation were associated with in-hospital death. ...

Ref: Coronavirus disease 19 in minority populations of Newark, New Jersey [Int J Equity Health, 2020]

Blacks/African Americans have been reported to contract and die from COVID-19 at higher rates than others.

... attention is increasingly turning to population-level demographic, socioeconomic, racial and environmental risk factors for COVID-19. Blacks/African Americans have been reported to contract and die from COVID-19 at higher rates than others. 4 In Chicago, a large number of COVID-19 deaths are concentrated in five largely black ...

Ref: Blacks/African Americans are 5 Times More Likely to Develop COVID-19: Spatial Modeling of New York City ZIP Code-level Testing Results [Int J Equity Health, 2020-05-19]

Minority racial/ethnical groups were significantly associated with COVID-19 positive test results.

Minority racial/ethnical groups were significantly associated with COVID-19 positive test results. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, AA children had a significantly higher rate of positive test; 6.8% of AA children vs.

Ref: African American children are at higher risk for COVID‐19 infection [Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2020-05-29]

we consider conditions that contributed to excess exposure, mortality, and reduced access to critical health protective resources.

... the pandemic unfolded in Metropolitan Detroit, with disproportionate impacts on African American and low-income communities, we consider conditions that contributed to excess exposure, mortality, and reduced access to critical health protective resources. Using a life course framework, we consider enduring impacts of the pandemic for health equity. ...

Ref: Moving Health Education and Behavior Upstream: Lessons From COVID-19 for Addressing Structural Drivers of Health Inequities. [Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 2020-05-14]

Risk was reduced in those who had pneumococcal polysaccharide or influenza vaccine, or were on melatonin, paroxetine, or carvedilol.

... patients, and those with known COVID-19 exposure were at higher risk of being COVID-19 (+). Risk was reduced in those who had pneumococcal polysaccharide or influenza vaccine, or were on melatonin, paroxetine, or carvedilol. Our model had favorable discrimination (c-statistic=0.863 in development; 0.840 in validation cohort) and calibration. We ...

Ref: Individualizing risk prediction for positive COVID-19 testing: results from 11,672 patients [Chest, 2020]

In New York City, African American and Latino residents have the highest age-adjusted rates of hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID-19,

... nationally and in many of the areas hardest hit by the pandemic (2, 3) . In New York City, African American and Latino residents have the highest age-adjusted rates of hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID-19, and age-adjusted death rates for African Americans are more than twice those for white and ...

Ref: This Time Must Be Different: Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic [Ann Intern Med, 2020-04-28]

COVID-19 prevalence increased 5% for every 1% increase in county AA density (p<.01).

... and poverty. RESULTS: There was a direct association between African American density and COVID-19 prevalence; COVID-19 prevalence increased 5% for every 1% increase in county AA density (p<.01). There was also an association between county AA density and COVID-19 deaths, such; the death ...

Ref: The impact of COVID-19 on African American communities in the United States [medRxiv, 2020-05-19]

The most common demographic were African Americans (76.8%).

... imaging findings were mixed airspace/interstitial opacities (39.8%) on CXR and peripheral GGOs on CT (92%). The most common demographic were African Americans (76.8%). Furthermore, 97.1% of African Americans were RT-PCR (+) compared to 65.8% of Caucasians. CONCLUSION: We ...

Ref: Imaging evaluation of COVID-19 in the emergency department [Emerg. radiol, 2020]

male gender, African Americans race, and history of diabetes mellitus, was associated with higher expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

... and expression levels of both genes was similar in asthma and health. Among asthma patients, male gender, African Americans race, and history of diabetes mellitus, was associated with higher expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was associated with lower expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, but ...

Ref: COVID-19 Related Genes in Sputum Cells in Asthma: Relationship to Demographic Features and Corticosteroids. [American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2020-04-29]

There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasian populations for COVID-19 infection and mortality.

... indigent communities has not been discussed in detail worldwide and specifically in the United States. There are currently some data on disparities between African American and Caucasian populations for COVID-19 infection and mortality. While health care authorities are reorganizing resources and infrastructure to provide care for symptomatic COVID-19 ...

Ref: Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States [J Med Internet Res, 2020]

The effects of COVID-19 for this population are inextricably linked to areas of systemic oppression and disenfranchisement,

... Abstract Emerging statistics demonstrate that COVID-19 disproportionately affects African Americans The effects of COVID-19 for this population are inextricably linked to areas of systemic oppression and disenfranchisement, which are further exacerbated by COVID-19: (1) healthcare inequality;(2) segregation, overall health, and food insecurity;(3) underrepresentation in government and the ...

Ref: Social Equity and COVID-19: The Case of African Americans [Public Administration Review, 2020]

COVID-19 has been compared with the highly fatal 1918 influenza pandemic, which was responsible for about 50 million casualties globally [17] .

... COVID-19 has been compared with the highly fatal 1918 influenza pandemic, which was responsible for about 50 million casualties globally [17] . Maruschak et al. suggest that incarcerated individuals are particularly vulnerable during an influenza pandemic [18] . It is believed that the 1918 flu pandemic reached epic proportions, especially in places ...

Ref: COVID-19 Outbreaks at Correctional Facilities Demand a Health Equity Approach to Criminal Justice Reform [J Urban Health, 2020-06-03]

Recent news reports state that racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden,

... BACKGROUND: Recent news reports state that racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden, as measured by confirmed cases and deaths. Limited racial data is available on a national level. METHODS: We conducted the first nationwide analysis to examine COVID-19 and race on ...

Ref: Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties [J. public health (Oxf), 2020]

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the lack of decent work for 'essential' employees in the United States.

... The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the lack of decent work for "essential" employees in the United States. Decent work is defined as fair, equitable work that affords basic rights in the workplace and safe, secure working conditions with adequate compensation and J o u r n a ...

Ref: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized populations in the United States: A research agenda [J Vocat Behav, 2020-05-08]

Results from all the different studies of the 1918 Spanish Influenza pandemic indicate that African Americans had higher mortality and case fatality rates than whites.

... by analyzing the racial disparities related to previous pandemics caused by other types of coronaviruses. Results from all the different studies of the 1918 Spanish Influenza pandemic indicate that African Americans had higher mortality and case fatality rates than whites. 5 During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A pandemic, African Americans had the highest overall susceptibility ...

Ref: Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy from Covid‐19 [J Rural Health, 2020-05-03]

There are a multitude of factors that may explain the African American disparity in COVID-19 outcomes, including higher rates of comorbidities.

Ref: Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be [Health Equity, 2020-04-17]

reports of infection rates more than 3fold higher in predominantly African American counties in the U.S. than in predominantly White counties (6) .

... widely established (5) . During this COVID-19 pandemic, reports on racial disparities have emerged, with reports of infection rates more than 3fold higher in predominantly African American counties in the U.S. than in predominantly White counties (6) . This is concerning given the potentially devastating consequences of this infection and the limited therapeutic ...

Ref: Community and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with COVID-19 in the United States: Zip code level cross sectional analysis [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-04-22]

In African Americans, HTN is the most significant contributor to the increasing CVD burden and mortality.

... In African Americans, HTN is the most significant contributor to the increasing CVD burden and mortality. Unfortunately, the number of deaths in which HTN was a factor has steadily increased over the past decade. 18 African Americans have the highest prevalence of HTN in the U.S., ...

Ref: Contemporary and Future Concepts on Hypertension in African Americans: COVID-19 and Beyond [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-06-18]

COVID-19 has disproportionately affected poor, highly segregated African American communities in Chicago.

... Although the current COVID-19 crisis is felt globally, at the local level, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected poor, highly segregated African American communities in Chicago. To understand the emerging pattern of racial inequality in the effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden ...

Ref: Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVID-19 Deaths in Chicago [Health Educ Behav, 2020]

We found significant spatial clusters of social vulnerability and risk factors, both of which are significantly associated with the increased COVID-19-related death rate.

... effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden of social vulnerability and health risk factors. We found significant spatial clusters of social vulnerability and risk factors, both of which are significantly associated with the increased COVID-19-related death rate. We also found that a higher percentage of African Americans was associated with increased levels ...

Ref: Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVID-19 Deaths in Chicago [Health Educ Behav, 2020]

Ethnic minority groups may have greater risk of infection due to comorbidities including hypertension in African American populations.

... 2020 were African American, this population only comprises approximately 14.1% of the state population. 3 Ethnic minority groups may have greater risk of infection due to comorbidities including hypertension in African American populations. 4 Moreover, African Americans are more likely to live in densely populated neighbourhoods of lower ...

Ref: COVID-19 and Racial Disparities [J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020-04-17]

In the USA, analyses of COVID-19 deaths from some states show that there are more deaths in African Americans than in White Americans.

... In the USA, analyses of COVID-19 deaths from some states show that there are more deaths in African Americans than in White Americans. 12 For example, in Chicago, nearly 52% of deaths from COVID-19 were among African Americans, although they represent only about 30% of the city"s population. 13 In New York state ...

Ref: Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the time of COVID-19 [Lancet, 2020-05-10]

This has led to high rates of mortality for residents.

... COVID-19 has been documented in a large share of nursing homes throughout the United States. This has led to high rates of mortality for residents. In order to understand how to prevent and mitigate future outbreaks, it is imperative that ...

Ref: Characteristics of U.S. Nursing Homes with COVID-19 Cases. [Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2020-06-02]

the response to the pandemic may further exacerbate disparities in health status between population groups.

... ensuring that the medical products resulting from research are made available throughout the world at an affordable price. If clinical trials are not designed with equity considerations consciously in mind, the response to the pandemic may further exacerbate disparities in health status between population groups. ...

Ref: Equitably Sharing the Benefits and Burdens of Research: Covid-19 Raises the Stakes [Ethics Hum. Res, 2020]

BACKGROUND Recent news reports state that racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden,

Ref: Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties. [Journal of public health, 2020-05-21]

Hispanics and African Americans in NYC seem to be disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic because of the higher incidence of mortality rates.

... mortality rates per 100,000 compared to the other ethnic groups (22.8% and 19.8% respectively). CONCLUSION: Hispanics and African Americans in NYC seem to be disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic because of the higher incidence of mortality rates. Obesity may have played a role in the high incidence of mortality in those ethnic ...

Ref: Are African American and Hispanics Disproportionately Affected by COVID-19 Because of Higher Obesity Rates? [Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2020-05-11]

All of them have equal access to the virtually universal health coverage available for Spaniards or migrants from other areas of the world.

... is an apparent higher risk for COVID-19 for individuals from Sub-Saharan, Caribbean or Latin-American origin. All of them have equal access to the virtually universal health coverage available for Spaniards or migrants from other areas of the world. Migrants from these 3 areas of the world are younger than Spaniards, and as opposed ...

Ref: Increased risk for COVID-19 among Migrants from Latin-America, Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain [Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2020-05-27]

COVID-19 has rapidly emerged as a major threat to the public's health.

... a finding at least in part explained by inequity in healthcare access. In this context, COVID-19 has rapidly emerged as a major threat to the public"s health. While it was initially thought that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 would be the ...

Ref: COVID-19 and the US response: accelerating health inequities [BMJ Evid. Based. Med, 2020]

African Americans, for example, have the highest mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA,

... intersection of these identities within an individual or group can further compound their baseline disadvantage. African Americans, for example, have the highest mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA, and are diagnosed at younger ages (average 64 years) compared with white individuals (average 68 ...

Ref: COVID-19 and the other pandemic: populations made vulnerable by systemic inequity [Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020-06-15]

Initial surveillance data suggests a disproportionately high number of deaths among Black patients with COVID-19.

... Initial surveillance data suggests a disproportionately high number of deaths among Black patients with COVID-19. However, high-risk comorbidities are often over-represented in the Black population, and understanding whether the disparity is entirely secondary to them is essential. We performed a retrospective cohort study using real-time ...

Ref: Comorbidities and Disparities in Outcomes of COVID-19 Among African American and White Patients [Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020-05-15]

We call for higher priority assessment of racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19, which may reduce morbidity and mortality among African Americans.

... care system resources for more vulnerable populations, studies on the race-specific prevalence of COVID-19 and outcomes are crucial. We call for higher priority assessment of racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19, which may reduce morbidity and mortality among African Americans. As Brooks stated, "There is still time, but time is running out." ...

Ref: COVID-19 and Racial Disparities [J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020-04-17]

In states like Tennessee, African Americans with COVID-19 symptoms are reportedly less likely to be tested for the disease than white counterparts

... and racial disparities also seem to be creeping into the care of persons with COVID-19. In states like Tennessee, African Americans with COVID-19 symptoms are reportedly less likely to be tested for the disease than white counterparts and the testing centres are preferentially located in areas occupied by predominantly white communities. 16 ...

Ref: Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest [BMJ Glob Health, 2020-06-07]

COVID-19 is exacerbating these inequities in terms of housing stability, employment status, healthcare access, and food security.

... populations to experience discrimination, unwelcome attitudes, and lack of understanding from healthcare staff [4] . COVID-19 is exacerbating these inequities in terms of housing stability, employment status, healthcare access, and food security. This is further demonstrated in a recent analysis published by the CDC that shows African ...

Ref: Assessing HIV-Related Stigma in Healthcare Settings in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [AIDS Behav, 2020-05-02]

African American patients are experiencing hospitalizations and 144 death at disproportionately high rates,

Ref: Air pollution, racial disparities and COVID-19 mortality [J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020-05-07]

the COVID-19 patients who developed neurologic symptoms later in hospitalization had more severe disease courses Differently from previous studies,

... diagnosis of or as a complication of the viral infection Despite similar baseline comorbidities and demographics, the COVID-19 patients who developed neurologic symptoms later in hospitalization had more severe disease courses Differently from previous studies, we noted a high percentage of African American and Latino individuals in both groups ...

Ref: Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline [Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2020]

COVID-19 mortality rates in predominantly black counties are 6-fold higher than in predominantly white counties.

... of COVID-19 deaths. 11 A similar trend has been observed across the United States where COVID-19 mortality rates in predominantly black counties are 6-fold higher than in predominantly white counties. 12 Although this phenomenon is likely explained by the convergence of multiple cultural and socioeconomic ...

Ref: Genetic Susceptibility for COVID-19-Associated Sudden Cardiac Death in African Americans [Heart Rhythm, 2020-05-05]

African Americans with COVID-19 symptoms are reportedly less likely to be tested for the disease than white counterparts

... seem to be creeping into the care of persons with COVID-19. In states like Tennessee, African Americans with COVID-19 symptoms are reportedly less likely to be tested for the disease than white counterparts and the testing centres are preferentially located in areas occupied by predominantly white communities. 16 ...

Ref: Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest [BMJ Glob Health, 2020-06-07]

African-Americans are more likely to report COVID-19 exposure or know someone who has been infected.

... The study reaches three conclusions. First, similar to what has been documented in the media, African-Americans are more likely to report COVID-19 exposure or know someone who has been infected. Reported COVID-19 exposure is also higher for men and younger age groups. ...

Ref: Disparities in COVID-19 Reported Incidence, Knowledge, and Behavior [BMJ Glob Health, 2020-05-19]

they are traditionally less engaged in mental health treatment compared with other racial groups.

... particularly relevant in African-American communities because African-Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the disease, yet they are traditionally less engaged in mental health treatment compared with other racial groups. Using the state of Michigan as an example, we describe the social and psychological consequences ...

Ref: Social and psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in African-American communities: Lessons from Michigan [Psychological trauma, 2020]

laid bare the deep inequities at the base of the disproportionate losses and suffering experienced by diverse U.S. populations.

... The mass human and economic casualties wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the deep inequities at the base of the disproportionate losses and suffering experienced by diverse U.S. populations. But the urgency and enormity of unmet needs requiring bold policy action also provided a unique opportunity to learn ...

Ref: Seizing the Moment: Policy Advocacy to End Mass Incarceration in the Time of COVID-19 [Health Educ Behav, 2020]

The strongest difference in transcriptional response is observed for genes with antiviral and inflammatory-related functions.

... extensive variation in transcriptional responses to immune challenges between individuals of African and European descent. The strongest difference in transcriptional response is observed for genes with antiviral and inflammatory-related functions. 41 In an in vitro study using macrophages, many of the genes showing European versus ...

Ref: Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy from Covid‐19 [J Rural Health, 2020-05-03]

Blacks are overrepresented in all jobs that are considered essential, making up 15% of the entire essential workforce (33) .

... from home (33) . A recent analysis forecasting COVID-19 effects on Black Americans, revealed that Blacks are overrepresented in all jobs that are considered essential, making up 15% of the entire essential workforce (33) . This includes front-line healthcare occupations, where Blacks make up at least one-third of nursing assistants, ...

Ref: Promoting health equity in the era of COVID-19() [Gynecol Oncol, 2020-05-19]

This study presents a large series of autopsies of whole organs, within a specific demographic with a high rate of adverse outcomes within the USA.

Ref: Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans [Lancet Respir Med, 2020-05-27]

Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities are conducive to the development of chronic medical conditions that could increase the risk of severe COVID-19,

... perspective, but as part of a complex framework that incorporates ethnic, socioeconomic, and political dimensions. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities are conducive to the development of chronic medical conditions that could increase the risk of severe COVID-19, widening the disparities and accentuating the chronic disease burden and, as a result, further marginalizing ...

Ref: When Public Health Crises Collide: Social Disparities and COVID‐19 [Int J Clin Pract, 2020-05-14]

The novel 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the closing of all but essential businesses in California.

... The novel 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the closing of all but essential businesses in California. However, several nonessential businesses have remained open in Southern California despite the mandated "stay at home" order issued by the governor. As part of an ongoing vape shop project involving ...

Ref: Notes From the Field: Vape Shop Business Operations Compliance in the Wake of COVID-19. [Evaluation & the health professions, 2020-06-01]

3 Ethnic minority groups may have greater risk of infection due to comorbidities including hypertension in African American populations.

... 9, 2020 were African American, this population only comprises approximately 14.1% of the state population. 3 Ethnic minority groups may have greater risk of infection due to comorbidities including hypertension in African American populations. 4 Moreover, African Americans are more likely to live in densely populated neighbourhoods of lower ...

Ref: COVID-19 and Racial Disparities [J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020-04-17]

Descriptive statistics of data from all the states also corroborates that African Americans might be disproportionally affected by this pandemic as of April 16, 2020.

... (Pearson correlation: 0.769, p<0.005) as well as the rate of disability (Pearson correlation: 0.428, p<0.005). Descriptive statistics of data from all the states also corroborates that African Americans might be disproportionally affected by this pandemic as of April 16, 2020. This observation is consistent with the H1N1 pandemic, where studies have shown evidence of racial ...

Ref: Racial, Economic and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-01]

The COVID-19 pandemic has shone new light on these health disparities.

... research findings and drive clinical discovery, racial and ethnic minorities remain disadvantaged around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has shone new light on these health disparities. Although race and ethnographic data continue to be limited, emerging analyses show that in the ...

Ref: Speaking up against inequity and racism [Nat Cancer, 2020-06-16]

African-Americans have been disproportionately impacted by the disease,

Ref: Social and psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in African-American communities: Lessons from Michigan [Psychological trauma, 2020]

We also found that a higher percentage of African Americans was associated with increased levels of social vulnerability and risk factors.

... and risk factors, both of which are significantly associated with the increased COVID-19-related death rate. We also found that a higher percentage of African Americans was associated with increased levels of social vulnerability and risk factors. In addition, the proportion of African American residents has an independent effect on the COVID-19 ...

Ref: Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVID-19 Deaths in Chicago [Health Educ Behav, 2020]

To understand the emerging pattern of racial inequality in the effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden of social vulnerability and health risk factors.

... the local level, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected poor, highly segregated African American communities in Chicago. To understand the emerging pattern of racial inequality in the effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden of social vulnerability and health risk factors. We found significant spatial clusters of social vulnerability and risk factors, both of which are ...

Ref: Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVID-19 Deaths in Chicago [Health Educ Behav, 2020]

they acknowledge that living conditions, work circumstances, underlying health conditions and lower access to care,

... and ethnic groups are often due to economic and social conditions that differ from whites, they acknowledge that living conditions, work circumstances, underlying health conditions and lower access to care, can affect their preparation and response to public health emergencies such as an influenza outbreak. ...

Ref: On Answering the Call to Action for COVID-19: Continuing a Bold Legacy of Health Advocacy [J Natl Med Assoc, 2020-06-05]

racial minority groups, such as African-Americans, are experiencing a greater COVID-19 burden,

Ref: Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties. [Journal of public health, 2020-05-21]

We examined if correlations exist between the racial percentages and percentages of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths by county.

... We obtained datasets on COVID-19 cases and deaths, and racial population totals, by US county. We examined if correlations exist between the racial percentages and percentages of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths by county. RESULTS: A positive correlation existed between percentages of African-Americans living in a county and who ...

Ref: Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties [J. public health (Oxf), 2020]

It is now one of the top-priority pathogens to be dealt with,

... as the global public health emergency and subsequently as pandemic because of its worldwide spread. It is now one of the top-priority pathogens to be dealt with, because of high transmissibility, severe illness and associated mortality, wide geographical spread, lack of control ...

Ref: Biorisk assessment for infrastructure & biosafety requirements for the laboratories providing coronavirus SARS-CoV-2/(COVID-19) diagnosis. [The Indian journal of medical research, 2020-04-03]

African Americans are overrepresented among reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths in the United States.

... African Americans are overrepresented among reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths in the United States. In Michigan, for example, where African Americans represent 14% of the population, they account for more than 30% of COVID-19 cases and more than 40% of deaths. 1 The disparity ...

Ref: Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be [Health Equity, 2020-04-17]

African Americans had 2.7 times the odds of hospitalization, after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and income.

... January 1-April 8, 2020. Among our findings, we observed that, compared with non-Hispanic white patients, African Americans had 2.7 times the odds of hospitalization, after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and income. We explore possible explanations for this, including societal factors that either result in barriers to ...

Ref: Disparities In Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients In A Large Health Care System In California. [Health affairs, 2020-05-21]

is a rapidly spreading disease causing increased morbidity and mortality across the globe.

... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a rapidly spreading disease causing increased morbidity and mortality across the globe. There is limited available knowledge regarding the natural history of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Other factors that are ...

Ref: Atypical Presentation of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient [J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep, 2020]

There have been multiple reports of significant impacts of racial/ethnic disparities on the severity of Covid-19.

... There have been multiple reports of significant impacts of racial/ethnic disparities on the severity of Covid-19. For instance, the CDC COVID-NET survey of 580 hospitalized Covid-19 patients from 14 US states [11] found that 33% of the patients were African Americans, which is significantly higher than ...

Ref: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities of Covid-19 attacks rates in Suffolk County communities [J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep, 2020-04-25]

was associated with higher expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

... and health. Among asthma patients, male gender, African Americans race, and history of diabetes mellitus, was associated with higher expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) was associated with lower expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, but ...

Ref: COVID-19 Related Genes in Sputum Cells in Asthma: Relationship to Demographic Features and Corticosteroids [Am. j. respir. crit. care med, 2020]

African Americans had a higher risk of COVID-19-388 related hospitalization in the general COVID-19 cohort.

... of the adult asthma population, respectively. 5 After 387 controlling for age, sex, and race, African Americans had a higher risk of COVID-19-388 related hospitalization in the general COVID-19 cohort. Depending on the model used, 389 the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization was even higher in ...

Ref: Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19 [J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2020-06-15]

The COVID-19 pandemic has severe short-term and long-term consequences on individuals, health systems, and economies.

... The COVID-19 pandemic has severe short-term and long-term consequences on individuals, health systems, and economies. Considering the studies on the role of vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infections, supplementation of vitamin D may be reasonable also for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections ...

Ref: Vitamin D supplementation in the COVID-19 pandemic [Mayo Clin Proc, 2020-06-06]

Tocilizumab therapy was effective at decreasing mortality and should be instituted early in the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients.

... ventilation was required in 55.9%, of which 34.5% expired. Avoidance of MV (p value = 0.002) and increased survival (p value < 0.001) was statistically associated with early dosing. Conclusions: Tocilizumab therapy was effective at decreasing mortality and should be instituted early in the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients. ...

Ref: Tocilizumab as a Therapeutic Agent for Critically Ill Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 [Mayo Clin Proc, 2020-06-08]

Skin cancer mortality and certain disease morbidities are higher among ethnic minorities, the uninsured, and those with lower incomes and less education.

... this outbreak presents a unique opportunity to increase access to dermatologic care for underserved populations. Skin cancer mortality and certain disease morbidities are higher among ethnic minorities, the uninsured, and those with lower incomes and less education. 3 These health disparities are partially due to dermatologist maldistribution: 88% of rural counties do ...

Ref: The COVID-19 crisis: A unique opportunity to expand dermatology to underserved populations [J Am Acad Dermatol, 2020-05-04]

Mental health clinicians and researchers must be prepared to address the unique needs of Black Americans who have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

... Mental health clinicians and researchers must be prepared to address the unique needs of Black Americans who have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Race-conscious and culturally competent interventions that consider factors such as discrimination, distrust of health care providers, and historical and racial trauma as well as protective factors including social support and ...

Ref: Mental health ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Black Americans: Clinical and research recommendations [Psychological trauma, 2020]

the U.S. COVID-19 has been uniquely devastating and without precedent.

... and Medicare in 1965. 12 Unanticipated by the uninitiated to take hold in the U.S., the U.S. COVID-19 has been uniquely devastating and without precedent. Other similar global occurrences created action abroad but little panic at home, as these epidemics ...

Ref: On Answering the Call to Action for COVID-19: Continuing a Bold Legacy of Health Advocacy [J Natl Med Assoc, 2020-06-05]

African Americans disproportionally account for >45% of vascular-related diseases and are 37% more likely to develop lung cancer than whites,

... The second, and perhaps most critical factor, relates to health disparities. African Americans disproportionally account for >45% of vascular-related diseases and are 37% more likely to develop lung cancer than whites, despite lower exposure to cigarette smoke. Social determinant factors like economic stability, education, and the environment directly impact issues ...

Ref: The Fire This Time: The Stress of Racism, Inflammation and COVID-19 [Brain Behav Immun, 2020-06-04]

We find that the highest excess mortality for Blacks is the Deep South and the Upper Midwest, while disparities are smallest in the Northeast and West.

... to an a better understanding of the causes of racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 death rates. We find that the highest excess mortality for Blacks is the Deep South and the Upper Midwest, while disparities are smallest in the Northeast and West. Understanding the reasons for this pattern is an important topic for future research. This paper ...

Ref: Improved measurement of racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality in the United States [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-23]

African Americans are reported to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 and six times more likely to die from the disease.

... African Americans are reported to be three times more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 and six times more likely to die from the disease. 7 It is well documented that individuals of low socioeconomic and/or minority status are underenrolled in clinical research due to mistrust of the biomedical community, poor communication and health literacy, ...

Ref: Pivoting Research to COVID‐19 [Ann Neurol, 2020-06-07]

African Americans are less likely than whites to utilize high-quality hospitals, ambulatory care services, and regular primary care providers;

... in larger proportions, the reason for elevated mortality rates in African Americans is still unknown. African Americans are less likely than whites to utilize high-quality hospitals, ambulatory care services, and regular primary care providers; this is most likely a result of barriers to accessing high quality treatment, as African ...

Ref: Coronavirus Disease Health Care Delivery Impact on African Americans [Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2020-05-29]

Many African Americans do not have access to a primary care provider.

... and lower Great Plains, rural African Americans will have difficulty accessing preventive and therapeutic services. Many African Americans do not have access to a primary care provider. 14 Without a primary care provider, they are more likely to fall victim to misinformation ...

Ref: Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy from Covid‐19 [J Rural Health, 2020-05-03]

mild flu like symptoms to severe ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), multiple organ system failure (MOSF) and death [2] .

... the SARS-Co-V-2 outbreak a pandemic. Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 as it"s called can vary from mild flu like symptoms to severe ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), multiple organ system failure (MOSF) and death [2] . To date no therapeutics have been proved effective for the treatment of severe illness caused ...

Ref: Are African American and Hispanics Disproportionately Affected by COVID-19 Because of Higher Obesity Rates? [Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2020-05-11]

As of are responsible for 42% of new HIV cases even though they make up only 13% of the population;

... be a Public Health Emergency of International concern 1 (see Figure 1 for the timeline). As of are responsible for 42% of new HIV cases even though they make up only 13% of the population; 8 c) are 20% more likely to die from heart disease when compared to non-Hispanic ...

Ref: The impact of COVID-19 on African American communities in the United States [medRxiv, 2020-05-19]

Despite COVID-19 causing significant respiratory symptoms, asthma as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 has not been studied in pediatric populations.

... Despite COVID-19 causing significant respiratory symptoms, asthma as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 has not been studied in pediatric populations. In this study we aimed to investigate the demographic risk factors of COVID-19 and the association of pre-existing asthma in a pediatric series evaluated at a COVID-19 clinic in the ...

Ref: African American children are at higher risk for COVID‐19 infection [Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2020-05-29]

The impact of COVID-19 goes well beyond the viral infection itself, reflecting the dynamics of a long-standing adverse host-environment,

... infected more often, ssocial determinants of health are powerful predictors of COVID-19 infectivity and mortality. The impact of COVID-19 goes well beyond the viral infection itself, reflecting the dynamics of a long-standing adverse host-environment, including access to limited resources (i.e., money, food, education, healthcare, job flexibility), making disadvantaged communities ...

Ref: African American COVID-19 Mortality: A Sentinel Event [J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020-04-21]

Neurological complications are increasingly recognized with SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen for COVID-19.

... Neurological complications are increasingly recognized with SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen for COVID-19. We present a single-center retrospective case series reporting the EEG and outcome of de novo status epilepticus (SE) in two African-American women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 virus. SE was the initial ...

Ref: De Novo Status Epilepticus in patients with COVID-19 [J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020]

HIV is known to disproportionately impact urban African American and Hispanic/Latinx communities [21, 22]

... to protect themselves, an act which in itself may have transformative benefits over the long-term. HIV is known to disproportionately impact urban African American and Hispanic/Latinx communities [21, 22] as do other chronic health conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Now COVID-19 shows the ...

Ref: Contact tracing for COVID-19: An opportunity to reduce health disparities and End the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the US [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-04-27]

Population-attributable risk for the listed risk factors was 13.0%, 12.6%, and 15.0% respectively.

... plus the risk factors of ever smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Population-attributable risk for the listed risk factors was 13.0%, 12.6%, and 15.0% respectively. Results have potential implications for policies based on risk-stratification of the population and for improvement ...

Ref: Updated estimates of comorbidities associated with risk for COVID-19 complications based on US data [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-05-06]

The outer boroughs have consistently higher rates of comorbidities relevant to COVID-19 infection compared to Manhattan 18 .

... Brooklyn or Queens were at higher risk than those at one of the Manhattan hospitals. The outer boroughs have consistently higher rates of comorbidities relevant to COVID-19 infection compared to Manhattan 18 . We found that average age in patients admitted in Brooklyn or Mount Sinai Queens was ...

Ref: Analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the Mount Sinai Health System using electronic medical records (EMR) reveals important prognostic factors for improved clinical outcomes [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-05-04]

The main causes in blacks are cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia, and eclampsia,

... and Prevention (CDC) Division of Reproductive Health, and CDC Foundation (Fig. 10.4 ) [13] . The main causes in blacks are cardiomyopathy, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, whereas the principal causes in whites are cardiovascular and coronary conditions, hemorrhage, mental health conditions, ...

Ref: Conclusion and Afterword [Blacks in Medicine, 2020-04-25]

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication of COVID-19 has been variably reported.

... The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) as a complication of COVID-19 has been variably reported. A case series of 116 patients from the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China did not show an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and AKI. 4 Conversely, AKI has been seen in ...

Ref: Collapsing Glomerulopathy Associated with COVID-19 Infection in a Heart Transplant Recipient [J Heart Lung Transplant, 2020-06-07]

While health care authorities are reorganizing resources and infrastructure to provide care for symptomatic COVID-19 patients,

... some data on disparities between African American and Caucasian populations for COVID-19 infection and mortality. While health care authorities are reorganizing resources and infrastructure to provide care for symptomatic COVID-19 patients, they should not shy away from protecting the general public as a whole and specifically ...

Ref: Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States [J Med Internet Res, 2020]