¿Influye la vitamina D en la prevención y el tratamiento del COVID-19?

(Does vitamin d impact covid-19 prevention and treatment?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

Vitamin D has already been shown to protect against acute respiratory infections and it was shown to be safe.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severe short-term and long-term consequences on individuals, health systems, and economies.

Vitamin D is an important micronutrient and has been reported to improve immunity and protect against respiratory illness.

Vitamin D levels and their impact on hospitalization and COVID-19 treatment outcomes among Indian patients need a thorough investigation to understand the evolution of the disease.

For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful.

Vitamin D has already been shown to protect against acute respiratory infections and it was shown to be safe.

... Vitamin D has already been shown to protect against acute respiratory infections and it was shown to be safe. It should be advisable to perform dedicated studies about vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients with different degrees of disease severity. ...

Ref: The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality [Aging Clin Exp Res, 2020-05-06]

The COVID-19 pandemic has severe short-term and long-term consequences on individuals, health systems, and economies.

... The COVID-19 pandemic has severe short-term and long-term consequences on individuals, health systems, and economies. Considering the studies on the role of vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infections, supplementation of vitamin D may be reasonable also for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections ...

Ref: Vitamin D supplementation in the COVID-19 pandemic [Mayo Clin Proc, 2020-06-06]

Vitamin D is an important micronutrient and has been reported to improve immunity and protect against respiratory illness.

... preventions and social distancing are the only ways to prevent this disease from community transmission. Vitamin D is an important micronutrient and has been reported to improve immunity and protect against respiratory illness. This short review highlights the important scientific link between Vit D levels and susceptibility to ...

Ref: Vitamin D Levels and COVID-19 Susceptibility: Is there any Correlation? [Med Drug Discov, 2020-06-02]

Vitamin D levels and their impact on hospitalization and COVID-19 treatment outcomes among Indian patients need a thorough investigation to understand the evolution of the disease.

... patients in the treatment outcomes need & Padmanaban S. Suresh surepadman@gmail.com; surepadman@rediffmail.com validation as well. Vitamin D levels and their impact on hospitalization and COVID-19 treatment outcomes among Indian patients need a thorough investigation to understand the evolution of the disease. The lockdown period during summer in India would have affected the exposure to sunlight for ...

Ref: Hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19: Matter of Concern in India? [Indian J Clin Biochem, 2020-05-27]

For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful.

... by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. ...

Ref: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths [Nutrients, 2020]

Supplementation with vitamin D is particularly important during times of self-isolation associated with limited sunlight exposure.

... established to optimise musculoskeletal health in the population using a 25OHD concentration of 50 nmol/L). Supplementation with vitamin D is particularly important during times of self-isolation associated with limited sunlight exposure. This is in line with the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) 7 recommendations ...

Ref: Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 disease [Nutrients, 2020-05-13]

vitamin D may be capable of preventing this severe complication related to COVID-19 and other viral illnesses.

... involving IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ [4] . By downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, vitamin D may be capable of preventing this severe complication related to COVID-19 and other viral illnesses. Although more data are needed to understand the cytokine regulatory abilities of vitamin D, some ...

Ref: Potential Role of Vitamin D in the Elderly to Resist COVID-19 and to Slow Progression of Parkinson’s Disease [Brain Sci, 2020-05-08]

There is an ongoing debate on the use of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths.

... There is an ongoing debate on the use of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. A recently published article highlights a relationship between vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of COVID-19 and influenza. This comment aims to discuss the evidence on the use of Vitamin ...

Ref: Vitamin D Supplementation in Influenza and COVID-19 Infections Comment on: "Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths" Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 988. [Nutrients, 2020-06-01]

The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic.

... The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of ...

Ref: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? [Rev Saude Publica, 2020]

Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections,

... Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among the older population and health professionals worldwide. We highly recommend ecological, epidemiological and RCT studies to verify this hypothesis. ...

Ref: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? [Revista de saude publica, 2020-05-22]

one of the hottest topics these days is the role of Vitamin D in prevention or treatment of COVID-19.

... In this regard, one of the hottest topics these days is the role of Vitamin D in prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Several functions such as modulating adaptive immune system and cell-mediated immunity, as well as increase of antioxidative-related genes expression have been proven for Vitamin D as an ...

Ref: The Role of Vitamin D in The Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Along with an Ecological Approach [Revista de saude publica, 2020-06-08]

A recent review that also supported the possibility of vitamin D reducing the risk of COVID-19 infections and deaths

... humidity might allow the virus to survive longer outside the body than under warmer conditions. A recent review that also supported the possibility of vitamin D reducing the risk of COVID-19 infections and deaths documented the various relevant actions of vitamin D. 2 These include maintenance of cell junctions, ...

Ref: Letter: Covid‐19, and vitamin D. Authors' reply [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-04-27]

Vitamin D modulates the immunological response to respiratory viruses at various phases:

... 5, 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20079376 doi: medRxiv preprint 8 required for repair 1, 2, 12 . Vitamin D modulates the immunological response to respiratory viruses at various phases: early on, it limits viral entry and replication by boosting cathelicidins/defensins expression in respiratory epithelia ...

Ref: Vitamin D deficiency as risk factor for severe COVID-19: a convergence of two pandemics [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-05-05]

Vitamin D can diminish the production of T helper 1 (Th1) cells such as IL-2, TNF-α, and interferons.

... and anti-inflammatory cytokines in return to viral and bacterial infections, as seen in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D can diminish the production of T helper 1 (Th1) cells such as IL-2, TNF-α, and interferons. Not only vitamin D supplementation decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines mentioned earlier but also ...

Ref: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? [J Nutr Health Aging, 2020-06-13]

Vitamin D cannot be considered as a preventive or a curative treatment for CoV-2 SARS infection.

... Vitamin D cannot be considered as a preventive or a curative treatment for CoV-2 SARS infection. However, by mitigating the inflammatory storm and its consequences, it could be considered as an adjunct to any form of therapy. ...

Ref: Vitamin D and COVID-19 [Bull Acad Natl Med, 2020-05-30]

It should be advisable to perform dedicated studies about vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients with different degrees of disease severity.

... Vitamin D levels are severely low in the aging population especially in Spain, Italy and Switzerland. This is also the most vulnerable group of the population in relation to COVID-19. It should be advisable to perform dedicated studies about vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients with different degrees of disease severity. ...

Ref: The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality [Aging clin. exp. res, 2020]

Vitamin D deficiency likely adversely affects the outcome of viral infections.

... and the benefit was greatest in those living at latitudes greater than 40 o . Vitamin D deficiency likely adversely affects the outcome of viral infections. Grant and Giovannucci reported a strong inverse correlation between UVB dose and the case fatality ...

Ref: Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection? [Med Drug Discov, 2020-04-29]

Among vitamins, A and D showed a potential benefit, especially in deficient populations.

... inclusion criteria, 43 studies were obtained (vitamins: 13; minerals: 8; nutraceuticals: 18 and probiotics: 4). Among vitamins, A and D showed a potential benefit, especially in deficient populations. Among trace elements, selenium and zinc have also shown favourable immune-modulatory effects in viral respiratory ...

Ref: Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-04-16]

prophylactic vitamin D supplementation and/or food fortification might reasonably serve as a very convenient adjuvant therapy for these two worldwide public health problems alike.

... Netherlands).Accordingly, we would like to call attention to the possible association between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality pertaining to COVID-19. Given its rare side effects and relatively wide safety, prophylactic vitamin D supplementation and/or food fortification might reasonably serve as a very convenient adjuvant therapy for these two worldwide public health problems alike. ...

Ref: 'Scientific Strabismus' or Two Related Pandemics: COVID-19 & Vitamin D Deficiency. [The British journal of nutrition, 2020-05-12]

COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.

... BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals. We aimed to establish whether blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was associated with COVID-19 risk, and whether it explained the higher incidence of COVID-19 in black and ...

Ref: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020]

renewed attention to the very high prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency there and elsewhere is in order.

... using appropriately dosed vitamin D supplements. Now in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, renewed attention to the very high prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency there and elsewhere is in order. Advanced age, obesity, dark skin tone and risk-related genotypes, particularly in combination, are alarm signs ...

Ref: Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-20]

Any Covid-19 related potential treatment has met with a disproportionate response from the governments and society.

... a better understanding of Covid-19 in the hope of finding a cure or a vaccine. Any Covid-19 related potential treatment has met with a disproportionate response from the governments and society. For example, news of HCQ as a potential treatment led medical doctors writing prescriptions for ...

Ref: Spurious Correlation? A review of the relationship between Vitamin D and Covid-19 infection and mortality [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-26]

Vitamin D Daily supplementation of vitamin D reduces the risk of acute respiratory tract infections.

Vitamin D Daily supplementation of vitamin D reduces the risk of acute respiratory tract infections. Daily intake of 2000 IU/day (50 µg/day).

Ref: Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections [Nutrients, 2020-04-23]

it is tempting to consider whether vitamin D might reduce COVID-19 transmission.

... If the incidence of COVID-19 can be reduced by treatment with vitamin D, it is tempting to consider whether vitamin D might reduce COVID-19 transmission. However, caution is required because of the potential importance of asymptomatic persons in COVID-19 spread. Vitamin D ...

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

Giving vitamin D to patients who are already ill may be too late.

... trial of vitamin D supplementation would be intellectually neatest but this too will be difficult. Giving vitamin D to patients who are already ill may be too late. A placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic vitamin D in the community might be best but it ...

Ref: Letter: low population mortality from COVID‐19 in countries south of latitude 35° North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity—authors’ reply [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-06-02]

Vitamin D can reduce cytokine storm syndrome in patients with severe COVID-19 infection and thus prevent multiple organ damage.

... 2008; Talmor et al. 2008) . Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D, biological active form of vitamin D, directly inhibits gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-2 (Provvedini et al. 1983; Tsoukas et al. 1984) . Vitamin D can reduce cytokine storm syndrome in patients with severe COVID-19 infection and thus prevent multiple organ damage. ...

Ref: Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage [Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2020-05-25]

The combined supplementation of vitamin D with melatonin could offer an attractive synergistic alternative for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary infection by COVID-19.

... The combined supplementation of vitamin D with melatonin could offer an attractive synergistic alternative for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary infection by COVID-19. These molecules modulate the same signaling pathways that relate to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, as well as anti-apoptotic effects, in many tissues with special focus at the lung level. Both ...

Ref: Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: Protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment [Life Sci, 2020-08-01]

Vitamin D supplementation to raise serum 25(OH)D concentrations can help reduce hospitalassociated infections [131] .

... Vitamin D supplementation to raise serum 25(OH)D concentrations can help reduce hospitalassociated infections [131] . Concentrations of at least 40-50 ng/mL (100-125 nmol/L) are indicated on the basis of observational studies [132, 133] . During the COVID-19 epidemic, all people in the hospital, including patients ...

Ref: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths [Nutrients, 2020-04-02]

Interventions included intravenous vitamin C, intramuscular vitamin D, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulfate, and oral and parenteral glutamine.

... syndrome, while the other four studies included patients who were at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Interventions included intravenous vitamin C, intramuscular vitamin D, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulfate, and oral and parenteral glutamine. In six of the eight included studies, baseline status of the nutrient of interest was ...

Ref: Effects of Micronutrients or Conditional Amino Acids on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review [J Acad Nutr Diet, 2020-05-20]

Vitamin D is recognised as an important modulator of both the innate and adaptive immune system,

... Vitamin D is recognised as an important modulator of both the innate and adaptive immune system, and deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, 13 and development of asthma. 27 In one study, vitamin D levels were found to be lower in wheezy children triggered ...

Ref: The relation between serum vitamin D levels, viral infections and severity of attacks in children with recurrent wheezing [Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 2019-08-30]

Consequently, vitamin D supplementation may mitigate the severity of the disease.

... findings reported herein, numerous observational studies suggest that age-associated vitamin D insufficiency and/or deficiency may contribute to the high mortality of older adults and elderly individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, vitamin D supplementation may mitigate the severity of the disease. ...

Ref: Tripartite Combination of Candidate Pandemic Mitigation Agents: Vitamin D, Quercetin, and Estradiol Manifest Properties of Medicinal Agents for Targeted Mitigation of the COVID-19 Pandemic Defined by Genomics-Guided Tracing of SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Human Cells [Biomedicines, 2020-05-21]

Vitamin D has been identified as a potential strategy to prevent or treat COVID-19.

... halting this pandemic is the absence of evidence demonstrating effective pharmacologic interventions to prevent COVID-19. Vitamin D has been identified as a potential strategy to prevent or treat COVID-19. 2 Vitamin D treatment has been found to decrease other viral respiratory infections, especially in ...

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

Due to the lack of data, symptomatic management is used for COVID-19 infection including oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for those with severe infection.

... Due to the lack of data, symptomatic management is used for COVID-19 infection including oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for those with severe infection. Considering the range of beneficial effects ascribed to vitamin D, it is safety and ease of administration, as well as direct effects of vitamin D on immune cell proliferation and ...

Ref: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 [Eur J Clin Nutr, 2020-05-12]

The authors outline the biologic plausibility, applicable clinical data, and potential role of each of these agents.

... COVID-19. Because of their potential to influence immune response, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), zinc, vitamin D, and N-acetylcysteine have been hypothesized to be useful for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. The authors outline the biologic plausibility, applicable clinical data, and potential role of each of these agents. ...

Ref: What is the role of supplementation with ascorbic acid, zinc, vitamin D, or N-acetylcysteine for prevention or treatment of COVID-19? [Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2020-06-08]

Our analysis suggested a 15% reduction in the number of severe COVID-19 cases given a normal Vit D status within a population.

... suggest a potential link between Vit D severe deficiency and the number severe COVID-19 cases. Our analysis suggested a 15% reduction in the number of severe COVID-19 cases given a normal Vit D status within a population. With the availability of data showing a direct link between Vit D status and specific ...

Ref: The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Patients and Associated Mortality [Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2020-04-10]

Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2.

... with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown ...

Ref: Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis. [Nutrients, 2020-05-27]

There is a very wide variation in severity of COVID-19 clinical features,

... There is a very wide variation in severity of COVID-19 clinical features, with some patients having minimal if any symptoms, while others become critically ill (13) . While some of this variability might be explained by pre-existing conditions and other factors, such ...

Ref: Vitamin D: A simpler alternative to tocilizumab for trial in COVID-19? [Med Hypotheses, 2020-04-23]

Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections.

... to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed ...

Ref: Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? [Med Hypotheses, 2020]

Spending increased time indoors during the COVID-19 pandemic could exacerbate Vitamin D deficiency in older adults.

... frailty status, cross-sectional studies in older adults have demonstrated improvements in physical performance (16) . Spending increased time indoors during the COVID-19 pandemic could exacerbate Vitamin D deficiency in older adults. Trying to incorporate outdoor time while safely being exposed to the sun and/or supplementing the ...

Ref: Preventing Frailty Progression During the Covid-19 Pandemic [J Frailty Aging, 2020-06-06]

The possible protective role of vitamin D supplementation warrants future studies.

... of non-advanced PD patients, COVID-19 risk and mortality did not differ from the general population but symptoms appeared to be milder. The possible protective role of vitamin D supplementation warrants future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ...

Ref: COVID-19 in Parkinson's Disease Patients Living in Lombardy, Italy [Mov. Disord, 2020]

To the extent it decreases viral replication or accelerates viral clearance, vitamin D treatment might reduce spread.

... of zinc 28 , which has been found to decrease the replication of coronaviruses. 29 To the extent it decreases viral replication or accelerates viral clearance, vitamin D treatment might reduce spread. On the other hand, if vitamin D reduces inflammation, it might increase asymptomatic carriage and ...

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

Nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc may hold some promise for the treatment of COVID-19.

... that may exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects were explored, as summarized in Figure 3 . Nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc may hold some promise for the treatment of COVID-19. Likewise, nutrients with anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties may prevent or attenuate the inflammatory and ...

Ref: COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation [Nutrients, 2020-05-19]

If the incidence of COVID-19 can be reduced by treatment with vitamin D,

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

Vitamin D's impact may be pervasive across all aspects of PD, including motor and non-motor symptoms.

... Vitamin D"s impact may be pervasive across all aspects of PD, including motor and non-motor symptoms. For example, Sleeman et al., concluded that variance in motor impairment severity at 36 months was predicted by age, dosage of dopaminergic medications, motor score, and baseline serum 25(OH)D 3 ...

Ref: Potential Role of Vitamin D in the Elderly to Resist COVID-19 and to Slow Progression of Parkinson’s Disease [Brain Sci, 2020-05-08]

A retrospective comparison of Vitamin D levels in previously obtained blood samples between survivors and confirmed fatalities could establish a rationale for implementation of widespread Vitamin D supplementation.

... remains substantial variation in the severity of this condition that has yet to be explained. A retrospective comparison of Vitamin D levels in previously obtained blood samples between survivors and confirmed fatalities could establish a rationale for implementation of widespread Vitamin D supplementation. This would be far cheaper and simpler than tocilizumab as a therapeutic option to trial. ...

Ref: Vitamin D: A simpler alternative to tocilizumab for trial in COVID-19? [Med Hypotheses, 2020]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly causing worldwide morbidity and mortality.

... The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly causing worldwide morbidity and mortality. While most infected people will recover after a mild to modest course of the disease, some patients, especially older people or those with other major diseases, will suffer serious morbidity ...

Ref: Vitamin D Receptor stimulation to reduce Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in patients with Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166 [J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2020-06-11]

Vitamin D treatment has been found to decrease incidence of viral respiratory tract infection, especially in vitamin D deficiency.

... Importance: Vitamin D treatment has been found to decrease incidence of viral respiratory tract infection, especially in vitamin D deficiency. It is unknown whether COVID-19 incidence is associated with vitamin D deficiency and treatment. Objective: To examine whether vitamin D deficiency and treatment are associated with testing positive for ...

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

A controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation would be intellectually neatest but this too will be difficult.

... attributed to the well-recognised negative acute phase reactant response of vitamin D to illness. 10 A controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation would be intellectually neatest but this too will be difficult. Giving vitamin D to patients who are already ill may be too late. A placebo-controlled ...

Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in patients with COPD.

... in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralisation, but is increasingly studied for its potential immunomodulatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in patients with COPD. Previous studies have not demonstrated a beneficial effect of vitamin D on exacerbation rate in ...

Ref: Prevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD and vitamin D deficiency through vitamin D supplementation (PRECOVID): a study protocol. [BMC pulmonary medicine, 2015]

studies have shown treatment with high dose of 250,000-500,000 IU vitamin D to be safe in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients

... our objective to improve vitamin D status and its associated outcomes in patients with COVID-19, studies have shown treatment with high dose of 250,000-500,000 IU vitamin D to be safe in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and was associated with decreased hospital length of stay, improved ability of the blood to ...

Ref: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 [Eur J Clin Nutr, 2020-05-12]

Vitamin D is an immunomodulator hormone with an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect with a high safety profile.

... Vitamin D is an immunomodulator hormone with an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect with a high safety profile. A lot of COVID-19 infected patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may lead to multiple organ damage. These symptoms are associated with a cytokine storm syndrome. The aim ...

Ref: Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage [Naunyn-Schmiedebergs arch. pharmacol, 2020]

We thank Dr [...].

Ref: Reply: "Vitamin D Supplementation in Influenza and COVID-19 Infections. Comment on: Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 988" [Nutrients, 2020]

vitamin D supplementation may mitigate the severity of the disease.

... reported herein, numerous observational studies suggest that age-associated vitamin D insufficiency and/or deficiency may contribute to the high mortality of older adults and elderly individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, vitamin D supplementation may mitigate the severity of the disease. ...

Vitamin D is another significant vitamin that has been studied and published multiply for COVID-19 [1, 14, 15] .

... Vitamin D is another significant vitamin that has been studied and published multiply for COVID-19 [1, 14, 15] . It has been postulated that vitamin D can reduce the risk of infections through a variety of mechanisms, including lowering viral replication rates, reducing concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and increasing ...

Ref: Medications in COVID-19 patients: summarizing the current literature from an orthopaedic perspective [Int Orthop, 2020-05-22]

Table 3 lists some findings for vitamin D supplementation in reducing the clinical effects of COVID-19 infection found from treating other diseases.

... Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Table 3 lists some findings for vitamin D supplementation in reducing the clinical effects of COVID-19 infection found from treating other diseases. ...

Ref: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths [Nutrients, 2020-04-02]

Vitamin D levels might decrease and there might be a rise in mental health disorders.

... activity and increase other unhealthy lifestyles, thus increasing NCD risk factors and worsening clinical symptoms. Vitamin D levels might decrease and there might be a rise in mental health disorders. Many countries have made changes to routine management of NCD patients, e.g., cancelling non-urgent outpatient ...

Ref: The potential long-term impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on patients with non-communicable diseases in Europe: consequences for healthy ageing [Aging Clin Exp Res, 2020-05-26]

Electronic database searches combined and duplicates were removed.

... for COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, senescent cell, cytokine storm, inflame-aging, ACE2 receptor, autophagy, and Vitamin D. Electronic database searches combined and duplicates were removed. RESULTS: The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data and clinical observations ...

Ref: The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of "inflame-aging" [Inflamm. res, 2020]

Several studies indicate that higher levels of glutathione may improve an individual's responsiveness to viral infections.

... Several studies indicate that higher levels of glutathione may improve an individual"s responsiveness to viral infections. In particular, glutathione is known to protect host immune cells through its antioxidant mechanism and is also responsible for optimal functioning of a variety of cells that are part of ...

Ref: Endogenous Deficiency of Glutathione as the Most Likely Cause of Serious Manifestations and Death in COVID-19 Patients [ACS Infect Dis, 2020-05-28]

A further challenge to those with obesity during the current pandemic may involve vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency.

... immune cell trafficking could contribute to a maladaptive cycle of local inflammation and secondary injury. A further challenge to those with obesity during the current pandemic may involve vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. In the interest of personal and public health, we caution decision/policy makers alike not to ...

Ref: Considerations for obesity, vitamin D, and physical activity amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. [Obesity, 2020-04-16]

The anti-thrombotic effects of vitamin D is well documented in preclinical studies.

... pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, tissue factor (TF) expression, platelets and endothelial cells [67] . The anti-thrombotic effects of vitamin D is well documented in preclinical studies. VDR knock out mice display increased platelet aggregation. Their gene expression of antithrombin (liver) and ...

no evidence supports that vitamin D has any benefit as COVID-19 treatment.

... patients with low vitamin D levels might be at increased risk of severe COVID-19, but no evidence supports that vitamin D has any benefit as COVID-19 treatment. We suggest that groups at high risk for vitamin D deficiency, including the elderly, pregnant ...

Ref: Letter: does vitamin D have a potential role against COVID‐19? Authors' reply [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-05-13]

Women were given free vitamin D3 and counseled to supplement to achieve >100 nmol/l.

... Women were given free vitamin D3 and counseled to supplement to achieve >100 nmol/l. 2 Comparing those who achieved ≥100 nmol/l to those <50 nmol/l, a similar decreased risk was observed for white women (OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.13-0.92) and non-white women (OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.14-0.74) indicating ...

Ref: Letter in response to the article: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK biobank (Hastie et al.) [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-06-13]

Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in patients with COPD. Previous studies have not demonstrated a beneficial effect of vitamin D on exacerbation rate in COPD patients.

Ref: Prevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD and vitamin D deficiency through vitamin D supplementation (PRECOVID): a study protocol. [BMC pulmonary medicine, 2015]

C alcitriol treatment led to a significant increase in the expression of VDR mRNA and ACE2 mRNA.

... of vitamin D (calcitriol) was associated with a significant reduction in clinical symptoms of ALI. C alcitriol treatment led to a significant increase in the expression of VDR mRNA and ACE2 mRNA. VDR expression may have resulted in a reduction of angiotensin II, ACE2 expression in increased ...

Ref: Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – A fatal relationship? [NFS Journal, 2020-06-07]

Vitamin D levels are severely low in the aging population especially in Spain, Italy and Switzerland.

... cases/1 M (mean 295.95, STDEV 298.7, and mortality/1 M (mean 5.96, STDEV 15.13) were observed. Vitamin D levels are severely low in the aging population especially in Spain, Italy and Switzerland. This is also the most vulnerable group of the population in relation to COVID-19. It ...

Ref: The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality [Aging clin. exp. res, 2020]

Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic,

Ref: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? [Revista de saude publica, 2020-05-22]

Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes.

... deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does ...

Ref: Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? [Revista de saude publica, 2020]

limited evidence supports a beneficial role for vitamin D in prevention or resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

... 22, 23 and vitamin D supplementation is subject of an ongoing investigational study 24 , limited evidence supports a beneficial role for vitamin D in prevention or resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A large meta-analysis of acute respiratory tract infection found that supplementation was beneficial overall, but ...

Ref: Identification of potential treatments for COVID-19 through artificial intelligence-enabled phenomic analysis of human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-04-23]

COVID-19 is caused, beside the virus virulence by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

... COVID-19 is caused, beside the virus virulence by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin D has been found to modulate macrophages" response, preventing them from releasing too many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [13] . Ciu et al. found that calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) exerted ...

Ref: The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality [Aging Clin Exp Res, 2020-05-06]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Rhodes et al papers.

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Rhodes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777.

Ref: Editorial: low population mortality from COVID‐19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North—supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Authors' reply [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-05-12]

Recent and historical data are highly consistent with a causal protective role for Vitamin D in respiratory disease risk and especially in the case of COVID-19.

... Recent and historical data are highly consistent with a causal protective role for Vitamin D in respiratory disease risk and especially in the case of COVID-19. By contrast, the same evidence conflicts with predictions made by an acausal/bystander model. Since data come from multiple independent exogenous variables this provides "triangulation" consistency and the added global scale ...

Ref: Evidence Supports a Causal Model for Vitamin D in COVID-19 Outcomes [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-05-06]

Vitamin D is known to mitigate the scope of acquired immunity and regenerate endothelial lining.

... Vitamin D is known to mitigate the scope of acquired immunity and regenerate endothelial lining. This may be beneficial in minimizing the alveolar damage caused in ARDS. Level I evidence (N = 11,321) showed that there is a 12% overall protective effect of vitamin D ...

Ref: A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Cureus, 2020-04-06]

Vitamin D is highlighted as a potential therapeutic target,

... release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an unbalanced immune response, leading to the cytokine storm phenomenon. Vitamin D is highlighted as a potential therapeutic target, because in addition to acting on the immune system, it plays an important role in ...

Ref: Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19 [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020]

In this regard, one of the hottest topics these days is the role of Vitamin D in prevention or treatment of COVID-19.

Ref: The Role of Vitamin D in The Age of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Along with an Ecological Approach [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-06-08]

Vitamin D was associated with COVID-19 infection univariably

... data were available for 348,598 UK Biobank participants. Of these, 449 had confirmed COVID-19 infection. Vitamin D was associated with COVID-19 infection univariably (OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-0.999; p = 0.013), but not after adjustment for confounders ...

Ref: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020]

replacing an essential vitamin when it is deficient, seems a safe, cost effective and easily achieved therapeutic strategy.

... are already indicated for acute coronary syndrome and cardiac dysfunction, present in many patients with COVID-19. Whilst more data on the role of vitamin D in COVID pathogenesis is needed, replacing an essential vitamin when it is deficient, seems a safe, cost effective and easily achieved therapeutic strategy. ...

Ref: COVID-19 – Does This Disease Kill Due to Imbalance of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) Caused by Genetic and Gender Differences in the Response to Viral ACE 2 Attacks? [Heart Lung Circ, 2020-05-25]

Several converging lines of evidence now suggest a role for sunlight in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19:

... plasma 25- Inaction can be just as dangerous as action in the face of uncertainty. Several converging lines of evidence now suggest a role for sunlight in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: sunnier places have slower COVID-19 growth 22 , African Americans and Black people in the ...

Ref: Double COVID-19 Confirmed Case Fatality Rate in Countries with High Elderly Female Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence [Heart Lung Circ, 2020-06-16]

Vitamin D supplementation is highly recommended for preventing acute distribution and mortality, including humidity, wind speed, and air pressure.

... and colder climates may somehow trigger the disease in those regions (27) (28) (29) . Vitamin D supplementation is highly recommended for preventing acute distribution and mortality, including humidity, wind speed, and air pressure. Besides, government-based interactions such as compulsory quarantine, social distancing, and advertising precaution measures could bring ...

Ref: Association of COVID-19 global distribution and environmental and demographic factors: An updated three-month study [Environ Res, 2020-05-29]

Impaired function of type-II pneumocytes decrease the surfactant level and increase surface tension in COVID-19 [21] .

... are the primary target of coronaviruses and ACE2 receptors are highly expressed on these cells. Impaired function of type-II pneumocytes decrease the surfactant level and increase surface tension in COVID-19 [21] . Metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D have been reported to stimulate surfactant synthesis in alveolar type-II cells ...

Ref: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 [Eur J Clin Nutr, 2020-05-12]

There exist many therapeutic objectives when evaluating the efficacy of vitamin D and melatonin in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection.

... There exist many therapeutic objectives when evaluating the efficacy of vitamin D and melatonin in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. However, RAS ends up being the bottleneck, a central signaling pathway, because it constitutes a common meeting point for this triad. RAS stimulation, with the consecutive inflammatory storm, favors the ...

Ref: Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: Protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment [Life Sci, 2020-08-01]

Vitamin D causes a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting B-and T-cell proliferation 124 , 125 .

... cells and supplementation of healthy volunteers results in a significant increase in Tregs 123 . Vitamin D causes a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting B-and T-cell proliferation 124 , 125 . Inflammatory processes also play an important role in the development of hypertension and CVD 126 ...

Ref: Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – A fatal relationship? [NFS Journal, 2020-06-07]

Many authors have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections;

... to severe, including death. To date, it is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms. Many authors have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections; thus, we retrospectively investigated the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in plasma obtained from a cohort ...

Ref: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 [Nutrients, 2020]

For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful.

... by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. ...

Ref: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths [Nutrients, 2020-04-02]

Furthermore, the risk of viral infections can be reduced by vitamin D.

... of immunoregulatory defense, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, and genetic or epigenetic regulation [66] . Furthermore, the risk of viral infections can be reduced by vitamin D. The related mechanisms comprised of stimulation of defensins and cathelicidins that can decrease the replication ...

Ref: Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic [Clin Immunol, 2020-04-07]

A lot of COVID-19 infected patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may lead to multiple organ damage.

... is an immunomodulator hormone with an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect with a high safety profile. A lot of COVID-19 infected patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which may lead to multiple organ damage. These symptoms are associated with a cytokine storm syndrome. The aim of this letter is ...

Ref: Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage [Naunyn-Schmiedebergs arch. pharmacol, 2020]

In Vitamin C group, plasma vitamin C concentrations were significantly increased.

... 24.1 ng/ml and 161.7 +/- 49.9 ng/ml, respectively. In Vitamin C group, plasma vitamin C concentrations were significantly increased. Conversely, concentration of plasma vitamin C in Tocotrienol group increased from baseline of 2.72 +/- 0.20 mg/L to 6.80 +/- 0.63 mg/L ...

Ref: Plasma vitamin C and tocotrienols changes in response to dietary supplementation among young male adults. [La Clinica terapeutica, 2010]

We agree that there is a complicated effect of vitamin D in preventing the severity of COVID-19,

... al for their comments on our review article and the letter connected with that by Panarese and Shahini.1,2 We agree that there is a complicated effect of vitamin D in preventing the severity of COVID-19, while this mechanism is not exactly the same as that of influenza. ...

Ref: Letter: does vitamin D have a potential role against COVID-19? Authors' reply [Aliment. pharmacol. ther, 2020]

Vitamin D is well known for its function in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralisation, but is increasingly studied for its potential immunomodulatory properties.

... BACKGROUND Vitamin D is well known for its function in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralisation, but is increasingly studied for its potential immunomodulatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in patients with COPD. Previous studies have not demonstrated a beneficial effect of vitamin D on exacerbation rate in COPD patients. However, ...

Ref: Prevention of exacerbations in patients with COPD and vitamin D deficiency through vitamin D supplementation (PRECOVID): a study protocol. [BMC pulmonary medicine, 2015]

COVID 19 is much more lethal to the elderly, and older populations tend to have much higher levels of vitamin D insufficiency 13, 14, 15 .

Ref: Double COVID-19 Confirmed Case Fatality Rate in Countries with High Elderly Female Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence [BMC pulmonary medicine, 2020-06-16]

We agree that there is a complicated effect of vitamin D in preventing the severity of COVID‐19,

... al for their comments on our review article and the letter connected with that by Panarese and Shahini.(1,2) We agree that there is a complicated effect of vitamin D in preventing the severity of COVID‐19, while this mechanism is not exactly the same as that of influenza. ...

Ref: Letter: does vitamin D have a potential role against COVID‐19? Authors' reply [Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2020-05-13]

Vitamin D is variably inversely associated with multiple health outcomes and mortality (although these associations may not be causal).

... the higher prevalence of apparent vitamin D deficiency in black and minority ethnic populations. 4 Vitamin D is variably inversely associated with multiple health outcomes and mortality (although these associations may not be causal). 9 Most vitamin D results from production in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) ...

Ref: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-07]

Vitamin D supplementation might be an inexpensive, accessible and safe mitigation for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

... radiological stage ranging from 55.2% in stage 1 to 74% in stage 3. Conclusions and relevance: vitamin D deficiency is a possible risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in males. Vitamin D supplementation might be an inexpensive, accessible and safe mitigation for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. ...

Ref: Vitamin D deficiency as risk factor for severe COVID-19: a convergence of two pandemics [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-05]

One challenge in halting this pandemic is the absence of evidence demonstrating effective pharmacologic interventions to prevent COVID-19.

... SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, often produces severe lower respiratory symptoms and has caused 200,000 deaths worldwide. 1 One challenge in halting this pandemic is the absence of evidence demonstrating effective pharmacologic interventions to prevent COVID-19. Vitamin D has been identified as a potential strategy to prevent or treat COVID-19. 2 ...

Ref: Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Treatment with COVID-19 Incidence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-05-13]

Vitamin D downregulates NLRP3 and protects against toxin-induced cell death 46 and modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome activation 47 .

... . Vitamin D inhibits NLRP3 activation by impeding its deubiquitination mediated by BRCC3 45 . Vitamin D downregulates NLRP3 and protects against toxin-induced cell death 46 and modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome activation 47 . In addition, likely due to its role in vasodilation and reducing inflammation, ACE2 partially protects ...

Ref: Double COVID-19 Confirmed Case Fatality Rate in Countries with High Elderly Female Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-06-16]

If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis,

... with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the ...

Ref: Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020]

Confirmed COVID-19 infection was defined as at least one positive test result.

... the specimen date, origin (whether the person was an inpatient or not) and result (positive or negative). Confirmed COVID-19 infection was defined as at least one positive test result. Data were available for the period 16th March 2020 to 14th April 2020. ...

Ref: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-05-07]

Multiple causal structures between 25(OH)D and COVID-19 infection may be equally plausible

... and causal diagrams should be utilized to identify confounders and communicate assumptions being made [2] , [3] . Multiple causal structures between 25(OH)D and COVID-19 infection may be equally plausible so we suggest performing multiple analyses with both simple and complex models. ...

Ref: Letter in response to the article: Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK biobank (Hastie et al.) [Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020-06-13]

we have no data enabling us to assert that vitamin D supplementation will reduce the incidence of COVID-19 infection.

... clothes, no sunshine exposure). We acknowledge that, while COVID-19 infection is a type of ARI, we have no data enabling us to assert that vitamin D supplementation will reduce the incidence of COVID-19 infection. However, except for certain rare situations of vitamin D hypersensitivity (e.g. mutation in the CYP24A1 ...

Ref: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 pandemic [J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2020-05-29]

In the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficit, cholecalciferol is promptly supplied.

... as well as intravenous infusion of multivitamin, multimineral trace elements solutions are implemented at admission. In the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficit, cholecalciferol is promptly supplied. If nutritional risk is detected, two to three bottles of protein-calorie oral nutritional supplements (ONS) ...

Ref: Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol [Nutrition, 2020-04-03]

Vitamin D (Fig. 1 ) could prevent multiple organ damage caused by COVID in the following five ways:

... receptor has been expressed in multiple organs and tissues including the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, nervous system, intestine, bone, parathyroid gland, cardiovascular system, and myocardium (Prufer et al. 1999) . Vitamin D (Fig. 1 ) could prevent multiple organ damage caused by COVID in the following five ways: ...

Ref: Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage [Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2020-05-25]