¿Cuál es la duración de la protección y la inmunidad a sars-cov-2?

(What is the duration of protection and immunity to sars-cov-2?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

1. Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies,


2. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 evolve rapidly after infection and coincide with disease progression.


3. Secondly, the duration of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown.


4. more than eight months since it has emerged.


5. It is currently unknown whether acquired immunity to common alpha- and beta-coronaviruses provides cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies,

... Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity We describe viral RNA shedding duration in hospitalized patients and identify patients with recurrent shedding We sequenced viruses from two distinct episodes ...

Ref: Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report [medRxiv, 2020]

Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 evolve rapidly after infection and coincide with disease progression.

... Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 evolve rapidly after infection and coincide with disease progression. Emerging data suggest that early SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres are elevated in those with severe disease 1 , calling into question the role of the antibody response in immunopathology. Neutralization, the ...

Ref: Dissecting antibody-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-06-08]

Secondly, the duration of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown.

... Secondly, the duration of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown. Information from follow-up studies of patients recovered from other coronaviruses may provide a background regarding the possible long-term immune response of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cohort studies of recovered SARS-CoV patients found ...

Ref: Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge [Pathog Dis, 2020-06-08]

more than eight months since it has emerged.

... evaluate and critically appraise the published literature on the T cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2, more than eight months since it has emerged. Formative reviews of evidence on the immune response are narrative with few exceptions, or focus ...

Ref: Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review [Pathog Dis, 2020-08-29]

It is currently unknown whether acquired immunity to common alpha- and beta-coronaviruses provides cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2.

... It is currently unknown whether acquired immunity to common alpha- and beta-coronaviruses provides cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we found that certain patient sera and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) collected prior to the COVID-19 outbreak were cross-reactive to SARS-CoV-2 full-length Spike, S2 domain, and nucleoprotein. However, ...

Ref: Pre-COVID-19 humoral immunity to common coronaviruses does not confer cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 [Pathog Dis, 2020-08-15]

These data include the specific antibody titers that correlate with protection from disease and viral shedding upon re-infection.

... increase our understanding of the immune responses that lead to protection and duration of protection. These data include the specific antibody titers that correlate with protection from disease and viral shedding upon re-infection. T-cells have been implicated in protection against symptomatic disease in other respiratory infections and it ...

Ref: The COVID-19 Serology Studies Workshop: Recommendations and Challenges [Immunity, 2020-06-23]

The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity.

... immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well ...

Ref: A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity [Nat Commun, 2020]

antibody analysis has been paralleled by T cell studies across asymptomatic, mild and severe COVID-19.

... In efforts to synthesize a clear understanding of SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity, antibody analysis has been paralleled by T cell studies across asymptomatic, mild and severe COVID-19. Defining CD4 and CD8 effector functions in protection is important considering that antibody responses appear short-lived and T cell ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity: Specificity, function, durability, and role in protection. [Science immunology, 2020-07-17]

Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.

... therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, SARS-CoV-2 surveillance should be maintained because a resurgence ...

Ref: Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period [Science, 2020]

The duration of affectivity can last from weeks to months depending on the antibody composition and quantity.

... in the blood of susceptible person and when reach tissues it initiates protection against infection. The duration of affectivity can last from weeks to months depending on the antibody composition and quantity. (37) outbreaks. Although there are differences in every viral disease and epidemic, the important historical ...

Ref: Innate Immune-mediated Antiviral Response to SARS-CoV-2 and Convalescent sera a potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent to Tackle COVID-19 [Antib Ther, 2020-08-16]

After the initial viral clearance, animals were rechallenged with SARS-CoV-2

... and lower respiratory tract, humoral and cellular immune responses, and pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. After the initial viral clearance, animals were rechallenged with SARS-CoV-2 and showed 5 log10 reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques [Science, 2020]

The majority of SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals mount an antibody response within around 2-weeks

... The majority of SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals mount an antibody response within around 2-weeks and spike antigen binding responses correlate well with functional virus neutralisation A minority make little detectable antibody, generally those with either very mild/asymptomatic disease or those with severe/lethal infection However, ...

Ref: Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 [Oxford Open Immunology, 2020]

The duration of effective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will determine at large the pandemic and post-pandemic transmission of the virus.

... The duration of effective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will determine at large the pandemic and post-pandemic transmission of the virus. This is more clearly demonstrated using in silico models of transmission: in the case that immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is transient, the virus will likely enter into regular circulation over the ...

Ref: Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge [Pathog Dis, 2020-06-08]

As of July 15, 2020, more than 13 million infections and over 575,000 COVID-19 related deaths have been confirmed worldwide.

... (SARS) coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has spread rapidly throughout the world (1) . As of July 15, 2020, more than 13 million infections and over 575,000 COVID-19 related deaths have been confirmed worldwide. Based on a chronic lack of adequate testing capabilities in many countries worldwide, including large ...

Ref: Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” [Front Immunol, 2020-09-04]

While mild cases develop an immune response that contributes to host protection, immunity of severely infected patients is a balance between harmful and protective immune responses.

... to contribute both to the pathogenesis of the disease and to protection during its resolution. While mild cases develop an immune response that contributes to host protection, immunity of severely infected patients is a balance between harmful and protective immune responses. The severity of the disease has raised many questions about the kinetic, amplitude and the ...

Ref: [Adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2]. [Medecine sciences : M/S, 2020-09-22]

The future trajectory of the Covid-19 pandemic hinges on the dynamics of adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV2;

... The future trajectory of the Covid-19 pandemic hinges on the dynamics of adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV2; however, salient features of the immune response elicited by natural infection or vaccination are still uncertain. We use simple epidemiological models to explore estimates for the magnitude and timing of ...

Ref: Immune life history, vaccination, and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 over the next 5 years. [Science, 2020-09-21]

The optimal management in transplant recipients with COVID‐19 remains uncertain.

... The optimal management in transplant recipients with COVID‐19 remains uncertain. The main concern is the ability of immunosuppressed patients to generate sufficient immunity for antiviral protection. Here, we report on immune monitoring facilitating a successful outcome of severe SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated pneumonia, ...

Ref: Immune monitoring facilitates the clinical decision in multifocal COVID‐19 of a pancreas‐kidney transplant patient [Am J Transplant, 2020-08-10]

By testing the duration of cessation of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 mortality in this work , we are looking for the link by different design.

... share the design of testing the BCG vaccination practices against morbidity and moratlity 9 . By testing the duration of cessation of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 mortality in this work , we are looking for the link by different design. The hypothesis in this study is the waning effect of vaccination as far as, the ...

Ref: Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality [Am J Transplant, 2020-08-23]

Immunity 2020; 52: 583-89.

We declare no competing interests. Amanat F, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report. Immunity 2020; 52: 583-89.

Ref: What policy makers need to know about COVID-19 protective immunity [Lancet, 2020-04-27]

The vaccine BCG has been reported to offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

... The vaccine BCG has been reported to offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has been hypothesized this is based on nonspecific enhancement of innate immunity. This study addressed whether there is strong homology between a SARS-CoV-2 capsid protein and a Mycobacterium bovis ...

Ref: Strong homology between SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein and a Mycobacterium sp. antigen allows rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterial infections and may provide specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity via the BCG vaccine [Ann Diagn Pathol, 2020]

There is an urgent need to investigate how the adaptive immunity is established in COVID-19 patients.

... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than eight million people. There is an urgent need to investigate how the adaptive immunity is established in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we profiled adaptive immune cells of PBMCs from recovered COVID-19 patients with ...

Ref: Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe versus mild individuals [Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020]

Humoral immune responses likely play an important role in containing SARS-CoV-2,

... acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes an acute illness termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Humoral immune responses likely play an important role in containing SARS-CoV-2, however, the determinants of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses are unclear Methods Using immunoassays specific for the ...

Ref: Systemic and mucosal antibody secretion specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19 [Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, 2020]

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has infected, as of April 22, 2020, 2,623,231 people globally,

... Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, a phenomenon thought to be due to the induction of trained immunity. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has infected, as of April 22, 2020, 2,623,231 people globally, causing a major public health problem worldwide. Currently, no vaccine or treatment is available to ...

Ref: Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2? [Front Immunol, 2020-05-08]

Further research is warranted to figure out how IF during ramadan affects immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

... during Ramadan month and their impact on immunity, such as water intake and hydration status, sleep duration and timing, caloric intake and mealtime, and social and spirtual activities, were addressed. Further research is warranted to figure out how IF during ramadan affects immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. ...

Ref: Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19 [Ann Thorac Med, 2020]

The difference in morbidity and mortality between adult and pediatric COVID-19 infections is dramatic.

... The difference in morbidity and mortality between adult and pediatric COVID-19 infections is dramatic. Understanding pediatric-specific acute and delayed immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for the development of vaccination strategies, immune-targeted therapies, and treatment and prevention of MIS-C. The goal of this review ...

Ref: Insight into the Pediatric and Adult Dichotomy of COVID-19: Age-Related Differences in the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Pediatric pulmonology, 2020-07-25]

we plan to follow our cohort for the next 6 months to track titre levels.

... at least limited protection. 19 To study the duration of IgG antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, we plan to follow our cohort for the next 6 months to track titre levels. Among participants who did not have a previous PCR test but who were deemed to ...

Ref: Humoral response and PCR positivity in patients with COVID-19 in the New York City region, USA: an observational study [Lancet Microbe, 2020-09-25]

The duration of immunity of SARS-CoV-2 will dictate the overall course of the pandemic and the post-pandemic dynamics 7 ,

... The duration of immunity of SARS-CoV-2 will dictate the overall course of the pandemic and the post-pandemic dynamics 7 , and so an understanding of the temporal dynamics of protective immunity is critical. As with other introductions of novel pathogens 14 , explosive outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 across the globe may ...

Ref: A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease [medRxiv, 2020-04-17]

The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in patients with different COVID-19 severities.

... protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in patients with different COVID-19 severities. Methods: In this prospective study, we included 53 patients with moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 ...

Ref: A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression [medRxiv, 2020-05-02]

Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection opens a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity.

... Mounting evidence supports the importance of mucosal immunity in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection opens a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity. An effective mucosal innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 paves the way to an also effective adaptive ...

Ref: Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection [Scand J Immunol, 2020]

SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune protection against COVID-19.

... SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune protection against COVID-19. Here, we systematically mapped the functional and phenotypic landscape of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in unexposed individuals, exposed family members, and individuals with acute or convalescent COVID-19. Acute-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T ...

Ref: Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19 [Cell, 2020]

The true temporal duration of protective immunity to COVID-19, partial or otherwise, will take time to establish.

... not yet peer-reviewed, preliminary SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies in COVID-19 recovered adult rhesus macaques suggest that primary infection leads to protective immunity for at least 1 month post recovery (17) . The true temporal duration of protective immunity to COVID-19, partial or otherwise, will take time to establish. ...

Ref: The Role of Antibody Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Is There One? [J Clin Microbiol, 2020-07-23]

SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe pneumonia in a small proportion of patients.

... SARS-CoV-2 infection is mild in the majority of individuals but progresses into severe pneumonia in a small proportion of patients. The increased susceptibility to severe disease in the elderly and individuals with co-morbidities argues for an initial defect in anti-viral host defense mechanisms. Long-term boosting of innate immune responses, also ...

Ref: cord_uid g5ovvjc6 Trained Immunity: a Tool for Reducing Suscepti... g5ovvjc6 Trained Immunity: a Tool for Reducing Suscepti... Name: title, dtype: object [J Clin Microbiol, cord_uid g5ovvjc6 2020 g5ovvjc6 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques aged 6-12 years.

... 10¹¹ viral particles by the intramuscular route without adjuvant) induces strong neutralising antibody responses and provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques aged 6-12 years. 68 This candidate vaccine, which requires storage at 2-8°C, is now being tested in a ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates [Lancet, 2020-10-13]

Uncertainty in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 may have implications for future outbreaks.

... Uncertainty in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 may have implications for future outbreaks. We use simple epidemiological models to explore estimates for the magnitude and timing of future Covid-19 cases given different impacts of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 as well as ...

Ref: Immuno-epidemiological life-history and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 over the next five years [Lancet, 2020-07-16]

The duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will dictate the overall course of the pandemic and post-pandemic dynamics 7 ,

... The duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will dictate the overall course of the pandemic and post-pandemic dynamics 7 , and so an understanding of the temporal dynamics of protective immunity is critical. As with other introductions of novel pathogens 14 , explosive outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 across the globe may ...

Ref: A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity [Nat Commun, 2020-09-17]

The antibody responses were neutralizing as demonstrated by two independent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays.

... T-cell and antibody immune responses to S and N demonstrated a T-helper 1 (Th1) bias. The antibody responses were neutralizing as demonstrated by two independent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. Based on these findings, we are advancing this next generation bivalent hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD ...

Ref: A Next Generation Bivalent Human Ad5 COVID-19 Vaccine Delivering Both Spike and Nucleocapsid Antigens Elicits Th1 Dominant CD4+, CD8+ T-cell and Neutralizing Antibody Responses [bioRxiv, 2020-07-30]

An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections.

... Background: The efficacy of the humoral and cellular immunity determines the outcome of viral infections. An appropriate immune response mediates protection, whereas an overwhelming immune response has been associated with immune-mediated pathogenesis in viral infections. The current study explored the general and SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune status in ...

Ref: A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression [bioRxiv, 2020-05-02]

The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown.

... The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARSCoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for ...

Ref: A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease [medRxiv, 2020-04-17]

Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity.

... Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity. We describe viral RNA shedding duration in hospitalized patients and identify patients with recurrent shedding. We sequenced viruses from two distinct episodes of symptomatic COVID-19 separated by 140 days in ...

Ref: Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report. [medRxiv, 2020-09-25]

Effective herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will be determined on many factors:

... Effective herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will be determined on many factors: the percentage of the immune population, the length and effectiveness of the immune response and the stability of the viral epitopes. The required percentage of immune individuals has been estimated ...

Ref: Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge [Pathog. Dis, 2020]

Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection open a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity.

... Mounting evidence supports the importance of mucosal immunity in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection open a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity. An effective mucosal innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 paves the way to an also effective adaptative ...

Ref: Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2020-09-06]

The duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain.

... The duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain. Delineating immune memory typically requires longitudinal serological studies that track antibody prevalence in the same cohort for an extended time. However, this information is needed in faster timescales. Notably, the ...

Ref: Evidence for immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from epidemiological data series [Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2020-07-24]

Thus far, there has been no definitive study on the titer of neutralizing antibodies necessary for protection from SARS-CoV-2.

... serological response to infection shown by ELISA is protective for a significant period of time. Thus far, there has been no definitive study on the titer of neutralizing antibodies necessary for protection from SARS-CoV-2. The nature of humoral and cellmediated immune responses against other respiratory viruses could provide some ...

Ref: Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines [Cureus, 2020-06-01]

Depending on the amount and composition of immunoglobulins, passive protection can last from weeks to months (for IgG).

... this antibody will reach the tissues via blood and can provide protection against the infection. Depending on the amount and composition of immunoglobulins, passive protection can last from weeks to months (for IgG). The challenges, however, are related to the difficulties in that, as we have mentioned above, ...

Ref: Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know? [World J Biol Chem, 2020-09-27]

The kinetics of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and how long this immunity lasts are unknown.

... understanding of the duration and nature of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is currently very limited. The kinetics of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and how long this immunity lasts are unknown. Our data suggest that NAb titers in patients were variable, and the protective humoral immune ...

Ref: Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-08-03]

The optimal management in transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain.

... The optimal management in transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain. The main concern is the ability of immunosuppressed patients to generate sufficient immunity for antiviral protection. Here, we report on immune monitoring facilitating a successful outcome of severe severe acute ...

Ref: Immune monitoring facilitates the clinical decision in multifocal COVID-19 of a pancreas-kidney transplant patient [Am. j. transplant, 2020]

The duration of the immune response to SARS-CoV was investigated in 25 studies.

The duration of the immune response to SARS-CoV was investigated in 25 studies. 8

Ref: Immune response following infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review [Rev Med Virol, 2020-09-23]

the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 to range from 40 weeks to permanent,

... immunity from SARS-CoV-2 to the other betacoronaviruses and vice-versa to range from 0 to 1, the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 to range from 40 weeks to permanent, the seasonal variation in R0 to vary between none and 40%, and the establishment time ...

Ref: Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period [Science, 2020-04-14]

If this proves to also be true for SARS-CoV-2, persistent herd immunity may never be attained in the absence of recurrent vaccination.

... sufficient time, although longitudinal serological studies are needed to assess the duration of SARS-CoV-2 immunity. If this proves to also be true for SARS-CoV-2, persistent herd immunity may never be attained in the absence of recurrent vaccination. Indeed, modeling of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 predicts that short-term immunity (10 months) would ...

Ref: Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19 [Immunity, 2020-05-19]

results in a diverse clinical manifestation of the COVID-19 disease.

... A close interaction between the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system of an individual results in a diverse clinical manifestation of the COVID-19 disease. While adaptive immune responses are essential for SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance, the innate immune cells, such as ...

Ref: COVID-19 and the immune system. [Physiological research, 2020-05-29]

The degree to which the innate immune response confers protection or induces pathogenesis through a dysregulated immune response remains unclear.

... the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for the application and development of therapeutics. The degree to which the innate immune response confers protection or induces pathogenesis through a dysregulated immune response remains unclear. In this review, we discuss what is known about the role of the innate immune ...

Ref: The Innate Immune System: Fighting on the Front Lines or Fanning the Flames of COVID-19? [Physiological research, 2020]

it should be likely needed at least 60-70% of the population to be immune to have herd protection (2) .

... either gets infected or gets a protective vaccine. Based on early estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness, it should be likely needed at least 60-70% of the population to be immune to have herd protection (2) . However, more recently mathematical models suggest that lower thresholds could be enough to place populations ...

Ref: Results from a survey in healthy blood donors in South Eastern Italy indicate that we are far away from herd immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 [J Med Virol, 2020-08-13]

A wide variety of treatment options are being considered for COVID-19, but there is still no definitive treatment or vaccine.

... which is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has already passed those of many previous epidemics. A wide variety of treatment options are being considered for COVID-19, but there is still no definitive treatment or vaccine. This review aims to explain the background of the convalescent plasma treatment and its relations ...

Ref: Perspectives for the immune plasma treatment of COVID-19. [Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2020-07-28]

Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 showed an early response of IgA, instead of IgM, in COVID-19 patients.

... Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 showed an early response of IgA, instead of IgM, in COVID-19 patients. As highlighted by our study, enhanced IgA responses observed in severe COVID-19 might confer damaging effects in severe COVID-19. ...

Ref: Distinct features of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA response in COVID-19 patients [Eur Respir J, 2020-05-13]

The T cell response of critical COVID-19 patients is robust and comparable or even superior to non-critical patients.

... induces the highest frequencies of CD4+ T cells, suggesting its relevance for diagnosis and vaccination. The T cell response of critical COVID-19 patients is robust and comparable or even superior to non-critical patients. Virus clearance and COVID-19 survival are not associated with either SARS-CoV-2 T cell kinetics or ...

Ref: Robust T Cell Response Toward Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Is Not Associated with Recovery in Critical COVID-19 Patients [Cell Rep Med, 2020]

Preventing the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 is an unsolved challenge.

... Preventing the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 is an unsolved challenge. The involvement of T cell immunity in this exacerbation remains unclear. To identify predictive markers of COVID-19 progress and outcome, we analyzed peripheral blood of 10 COVID-19-associated ARDS patients and ...

Ref: COVID-19-induced ARDS is associated with decreased frequency of activated memory/effector T cells expressing tissue migration molecule CD11a++ [Mol Ther, 2020-10-08]

Whether protective humoral immunity can be maintained needs further investigation.

... SARS-CoV-2. All except patient #11, the follow-up patients had lower levels of neutralizing antibody titers than recently discharged patients, though all positive with the exception of patient #7 being negative. Whether protective humoral immunity can be maintained needs further investigation. ...

Ref: Characterization of anti-viral immunity in recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 [Mol Ther, 2020-03-20]

While the duration and strength of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown,

... The dynamics of immunity are crucial to understanding the long-term patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While the duration and strength of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown, specific antibody titres to related coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have been shown to wane in ...

Ref: Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 with Waning Immunity in the UK Population [Mol Ther, 2020-07-25]

The course of infection by SARS-CoV-2 frequently includes a long asymptomatic period,

... The course of infection by SARS-CoV-2 frequently includes a long asymptomatic period, followed in some individuals by an immune dysregulation period that may lead to complications and immunopathology-induced death This course of disease suggests that the virus often evades detection by the ...

Ref: A new perspective for mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection: priming the innate immune system for viral attack [Open Biology, 2020]

The length of natural protection post-exposure is currently unknown,

... the UK and internationally (95) . Together, these limitations put the lives of healthcare workers and patients at higher risk (96) . The length of natural protection post-exposure is currently unknown, and could result in regular circulation of SARS-CoV-2 ...

Ref: The early landscape of COVID‐19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world [Immunology, 2020-05-27]

To fulfill the pressing need, we examined antibody generation and virus clearance in 26 patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19.

... immune system is thought to have participated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The importance of innate and adaptive immunity in the defense against SARS-CoV-2 needs to be urgently determined. 5 To fulfill the pressing need, we examined antibody generation and virus clearance in 26 patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19. ...

Ref: Long‐term coexistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 with antibody response in COVID‐19 patients [J Med Virol, 2020-05-05]

In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

... In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to assess the long-term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were ...

Ref: Immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review [Rev Med Virol, 2020]

The difference in morbidity and mortality between adult and pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 infections is dramatic.

... The difference in morbidity and mortality between adult and pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 infections is dramatic. Understanding pediatric-specific acute and delayed immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for the development of vaccination strategies, immune-targeted therapies, and treatment and prevention of ...

Ref: Insight into the pediatric and adult dichotomy of COVID-19: Age-related differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection [Pediatr. pulmonol, 2020]

First, comprehensive studies are urgently needed to define clinical correlates of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

... responses may become harmful in humans. The implications of our lack of knowledge are twofold. First, comprehensive studies are urgently needed to define clinical correlates of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Second, because ADE of disease cannot be reliably predicted after either vaccination or treatment with ...

Ref: A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 [Nature, 2020]

For inducing protection, booster vaccinations enhancing existing immunity are less demanding than primary vaccinations against new antigens.

... degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus. For inducing protection, booster vaccinations enhancing existing immunity are less demanding than primary vaccinations against new antigens. Therefore, for the discussion on vaccination strategies against COVID-19, the available immune memory against related ...

Ref: Expected immune recognition of COVID-19 virus by memory from earlier infections with common coronaviruses in a large part of the world population. [F1000Research, 2020]

Up to phase-1 clinical trials, some vaccines showed the specific antigen-receptor T-cell response, elicit the humoral and immune response,

... targeting the spike protein (S) of COVID-19 to neutralized viral infection and develop long-lasting immunity. Up to phase-1 clinical trials, some vaccines showed the specific antigen-receptor T-cell response, elicit the humoral and immune response, displayed tight binding with human-leukocytes-antigen (HLA), and recognized specific antibodies to provoke long-lasting immunity against ...

Ref: New insights on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 [Life Sci, 2020]

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a prompt activation of the immune system, finalized to the clearance of infected cells [8] .

... Infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a prompt activation of the immune system, finalized to the clearance of infected cells [8] . Innate and adaptive immune cells accumulate at the site of infection, where production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators may result in patient recovery or, in case of ineffective viral clearance, ...

Ref: Persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in non-hospitalized COVID-19 convalescent health care workers [Life Sci, 2020-08-01]

Up to now, little is known about the detailed immune profiles of COVID-19 patients from admission to discharge.

... Up to now, little is known about the detailed immune profiles of COVID-19 patients from admission to discharge. In this study we retrospectively reviewed the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 18 COVID-19 patients from January 30, 2020 to February 21, 2020. These patients were divided into two groups; ...

Ref: Immune Characteristics of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Aging Dis, 2020-05-09]

The nature and longevity of the antibody response to coronaviruses are relevant to the potency and duration of vaccine-induced immunity.

... monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. The nature and longevity of the antibody response to coronaviruses are relevant to the potency and duration of vaccine-induced immunity. We summarize the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates tested to date in animals and humans, ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: 'Warp Speed' needs mind melds not warped minds [J. virol, 2020]

Given that inflammatory immune cells may induce severe lung injury, the involvement of immune factors in the pathogenesis of the disease cannot be overestimated.

... disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory-related disease induced by the newly emerged virus SARS-CoV-2. Given that inflammatory immune cells may induce severe lung injury, the involvement of immune factors in the pathogenesis of the disease cannot be overestimated. It has been demonstrated that coronaviruses (CoVs) have developed mechanisms of immune evasion, making them ...

Ref: Dysregulation of the immune system as a driver of the critical course of the novel coronavirus disease 2019. [Polish archives of internal medicine, 2020-07-06]

Adaptive Immune responses generated by SARS-CoV-2 virus in convalescent patients according to disease severity remain poorly characterized.

... Adaptive Immune responses generated by SARS-CoV-2 virus in convalescent patients according to disease severity remain poorly characterized. To this end, we designed a prospective study (NCT04365322) that included 60 COVID-19 convalescent patients (1-month post infection) in two cohorts respectively entitled mild illness and severe pneumonia. The monitoring ...

Ref: COVID-19 patients display distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses according to disease severity [J Infect, 2020-08-25]

antibody responses to human coronaviruses wane rapidly within months after infection.

... human common cold coronaviruses 17 . However, similarly to antibody responses to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, antibody responses to human coronaviruses wane rapidly within months after infection. Therefore, control of reinfection with human coronaviruses seems mainly to be antibody independent but T ...

Ref: Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-09-04]

For reasons that are poorly understood, immunity to seasonal human coronaviruses tends to be short in duration, lasting from 80 days to a few years.

... immunity to other human coronaviruses than about immunity to SARS-CoV-2, that knowledge is also sparse. For reasons that are poorly understood, immunity to seasonal human coronaviruses tends to be short in duration, lasting from 80 days to a few years. Reinfections have been documented with three of the four seasonal human coronaviruses (ie, 229E, NL63, ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates [Lancet, 2020-10-13]

We observed a significant negative correlation between the frequency of peripheral blood memory B cells and the duration of symptoms for convalescent subjects.

... recovered non-hospitalized COVID-19 subjects that were enrolled as donors in a convalescent plasma treatment study. We observed a significant negative correlation between the frequency of peripheral blood memory B cells and the duration of symptoms for convalescent subjects. Memory B cell subsets in convalescent subjects were composed of classical CD24+ class-switched memory B ...

Ref: Switched and unswitched memory B cells detected during SARS-CoV-2 convalescence correlate with limited symptom duration [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-09-05]

The first SARS-CoV2 vaccine(s) will likely be licensed based on neutralizing antibodies in Phase 2 trials,

... The first SARS-CoV2 vaccine(s) will likely be licensed based on neutralizing antibodies in Phase 2 trials, but there are significant concerns about using antibody response in coronavirus infections as a sole metric of protective immunity. Antibody response is often a poor marker of prior coronavirus infection, ...

Ref: cord_uid 0end7063 What are the roles of antibodies versus a dura... 0end7063 What are the roles of antibodies versus a dura... Name: title, dtype: object [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, cord_uid 0end7063 2020 0end7063 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

Duration of longterm immunity is yet to be established for the novel virus.

... been cases where patients initially turned negative for SARS-CoV-2, returned positive (not reported in children yet) [87] . But these patients were asymptomatic and likely represent carrier state than re-infection. Duration of longterm immunity is yet to be established for the novel virus. ...

Ref: cord_uid g592dfyz Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare... g592dfyz Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare... Name: title, dtype: object [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, cord_uid g592dfyz 2020-05-14 g592dfyz 2020-05-14 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

Currently, little is known about the progression of an immune response against SARSCoV- 2 upon infection or sub-infection-exposure over time.

... OBJECTIVE: Currently, little is known about the progression of an immune response against SARSCoV- 2 upon infection or sub-infection-exposure over time. We examined the serologic response in healthcare workers up to 12 weeks after a well-documented and contained outbreak and compared results with findings from earlier serologic testing in the ...

Ref: Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in health care workers following a COVID-19 outbreak: A prospective longitudinal study [J Clin Virol, 2020]

A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed.

... A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed. Such a vaccine should efficiently induce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies which neutralize SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. However, there is a concern regarding both vaccine-induced eosinophilic lung disease and eosinophil-associated Th2 ...

Ref: Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Eosinophilic Disease in Association with COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection [Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2020-06-16]

The patient's viral history of coronavirus infection might be crucial to the development of the current infection with SARS-CoV-2.

... coronavirus strains from earlier infections, in certain patients IgG might enhance clinical progression due to ADE. The patient"s viral history of coronavirus infection might be crucial to the development of the current infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it poses a note of caution when treating COVID-19 patients with convalescent sera. ...

Ref: cord_uid nacxjt2f Antibody Dependent Enhancement Due to Original... nacxjt2f Antibody Dependent Enhancement Due to Original... Name: title, dtype: object [Int Arch Allergy Immunol, cord_uid nacxjt2f 2020 nacxjt2f 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

No vaccine to boost mucosal immunity, or as a therapeutic, has yet been developed to SARS-CoV-2.

... requiring the development of interventions for the prevention or treatment to curtail mortality and morbidity. No vaccine to boost mucosal immunity, or as a therapeutic, has yet been developed to SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we discover and characterize a cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody, MAb362. MAb362 ...

Ref: A cross-reactive human IgA monoclonal antibody blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction [Nat Commun, 2020]

Convalescent plasma therapy is a leading treatment for conferring temporary immunity to COVID-19 susceptible individuals or for use as post-exposure prophylaxis.

... BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma therapy is a leading treatment for conferring temporary immunity to COVID-19 susceptible individuals or for use as post-exposure prophylaxis. However, not all recovered patients develop adequate antibody titers for donation and the relationship between avidity and neutralizing titers is currently not well understood. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Responses in COVID-19 Patients and Convalescent Plasma Donors [J. infect. dis, 2020]

vaccination with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 generates neutralizing immune responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2.

... SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in place of the native glycoprotein gene (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Here, we show that vaccination with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 generates neutralizing immune responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2. Immunization of mice with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 elicits high antibody titers that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and target the ...

Ref: Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vector Protects against SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Pathogenesis in Mice [Cell Host Microbe, 2020]

The main concern is the ability of immunosuppressed patients to generate sufficient immunity for antiviral protection.

... The optimal management in transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain. The main concern is the ability of immunosuppressed patients to generate sufficient immunity for antiviral protection. Here, we report on immune monitoring facilitating a successful outcome of severe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ...

Ref: Immune monitoring facilitates the clinical decision in multifocal COVID-19 of a pancreas-kidney transplant patient [Am. j. transplant, 2020]

Long-term antibody responses and neutralizing activities following SARS-CoV-2 infections have not yet been elucidated.

... Long-term antibody responses and neutralizing activities following SARS-CoV-2 infections have not yet been elucidated. We quantified immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) or the nucleocapsid (N) protein, and neutralizing antibodies during a period ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19 [Am. j. transplant, 2020-07-24]

On a population level, the protective effect for re-infections needs to be determined.

... A number of questions still have to be answered. For the clinic, the determination of the neutralizing capacity of the antibodies in plasma therapy regimes will be of utmost relevance. On a population level, the protective effect for re-infections needs to be determined. ...

Ref: Antibody Profiling of COVID-19 Patients in an Urban Low-Incidence Region in Northern Germany [Front Public Health, 2020-09-22]

The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d).

... were admitted to the government-designated Wanzhou People"s Hospital for centralized isolation in accordance with policy1. The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d). The asymptomatic group had a significantly longer duration of viral shedding than the symptomatic group ...

Ref: Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. [Nature medicine, 2020-06-18]

immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be incomplete and temporary, lasting only several months to a few years.

... infection or if non-neutralising antibodies could also contribute to protection. By analogy to common-cold coronaviruses, immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be incomplete and temporary, lasting only several months to a few years. 10, 11 A subset of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases shows a lower antibody response and titres ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in COVID-19 hotspots [Lancet, 2020-07-06]

Host antiviral immune status including immune cells and cytokines can play critical roles in virus clearance and outcome of infectious diseases [14] .

... eosinophils, levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were markedly related to the viral positivity duration. Host antiviral immune status including immune cells and cytokines can play critical roles in virus clearance and outcome of infectious diseases [14] . Immune cells CD8+ T cells and eosinophils have been reported to be critical for viral ...

Ref: Early risk factors for the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in COVID-19 patients [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-04-27]

Our understanding of the duration and nature of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is currently very limited.

... Our understanding of the duration and nature of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is currently very limited. The kinetics of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and how long this immunity lasts are unknown. Our data suggest that NAb titers in patients were variable, and the protective humoral ...

Ref: Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-08-03]

it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.

... years. Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for ...

Ref: cord_uid r6y70to9 Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie... r6y70to9 Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie... Name: title, dtype: object [Clin Infect Dis, cord_uid r6y70to9 2020 r6y70to9 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

Current limited data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 induces some degree of immunity.

... Current limited data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 induces some degree of immunity. To date, there is only one definitive report of reinfection within 4 months, proven by genetic sequencing of the virus , and in one small study rhesus macaques appeared protected ...

Ref: COVID-19 makes B cells forget, but T cells remember [Cell, 2020-09-04]

As the disease continues to spread rapidly, the development of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches is urgently required.

... pandemic, putting at risk not only the global healthcare system, but also the world economy. As the disease continues to spread rapidly, the development of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches is urgently required. Although some progress has been made in understanding the viral structure and invasion mechanism of ...

Ref: Highlight of Immune Pathogenic Response and Hematopathologic Effect in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-Cov-2 Infection [Front Immunol, 2020]

different durations of effective immunity could have important consequences for the prevalence of an epidemic disease with COVID-19 characteristics.

... A series of spreadsheet simulations using SEIS, SEIR, and SEIRS models showed that different durations of effective immunity could have important consequences for the prevalence of an epidemic disease with COVID-19 characteristics. Immunity that lasted four weeks, twelve weeks, six months, one year, and two years was tested with ...

Ref: The Influence of Time-Limited Immunity on a COVID-19 Epidemic: A Simulation Study [Front Immunol, 2020-06-29]

During periods of lockdown, immunity passports could allow immune individuals to follow less stringent requirements around physical distancing and travel,

... at a low risk of acquiring or transmitting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During periods of lockdown, immunity passports could allow immune individuals to follow less stringent requirements around physical distancing and travel, perhaps permitting them to return to work, care for those at risk, visit friends and ...

Ref: The scientific and ethical feasibility of immunity passports [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-16]

however, salient features of the immune response elicited by natural infection or vaccination are still uncertain.

... future trajectory of the Covid-19 pandemic hinges on the dynamics of adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV2; however, salient features of the immune response elicited by natural infection or vaccination are still uncertain. We use simple epidemiological models to explore estimates for the magnitude and timing of future ...

Ref: Immune life history, vaccination, and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 over the next 5 years [Science (Wash.), 2020]

Notably, coordination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific responses was disrupted in individuals ≥ 65 years old.

... disease, suggesting roles for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in protective immunity in COVID-19. Notably, coordination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific responses was disrupted in individuals ≥ 65 years old. Scarcity of naive T cells was also associated with aging and poor disease outcomes. A ...

Ref: Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity [Cell, 2020]

T cell reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in unexposed people;

... T cell reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in unexposed people; however, the source and clinical relevance of the reactivity remains unknown. It is speculated that this reflects T cell memory to circulating ‘common cold’ coronaviruses. It will be important to ...

Ref: Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-07-07]

Safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are urgently needed.

... throughout the world, leading to a deadly pandemic of a predominantly respiratory illness called COVID-19. Safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are urgently needed. However, emerging immunological observations show hallmarks of significant immunopathological characteristics and dysfunctional immune responses in ...

Ref: Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and "New Old Friends" [Front Immunol, 2020]

The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than eight million people.

... The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than eight million people. There is an urgent need to investigate how the adaptive immunity is established in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we profiled adaptive immune cells of PBMCs from recovered COVID-19 patients ...

Ref: Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe versus mild individuals [Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020]

Herd immunity provides an indirect protection from infection, which is conferred by immune to susceptible individuals in a given population,

... Herd immunity provides an indirect protection from infection, which is conferred by immune to susceptible individuals in a given population, thus limiting the spread of the disease (Syal 2020) . It can be achieved either through vaccination or naturally, following recovery from the disease (Kwok et al. 2020) . Effective ...

Ref: Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge [Pathog Dis, 2020-06-08]