¿Cuáles son las propiedades de seguridad, tolerabilidad e inmunogenicidad de las vacunas covid-19?

(What are the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity properties of covid-19 vaccines?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

1. Local reactions and systemic events were dose-dependent, generally mild to moderate, and transient.


2. The vaccine was well tolerated and neutralising antibodies were detected in 63 (58%) of 108 participants by day 28.


3. The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, is safe and well tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups


4. The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine is tolerable and immunogenic at 28 days post-vaccination.


5. An effective vaccine is needed to halt the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

Local reactions and systemic events were dose-dependent, generally mild to moderate, and transient.

... mRNA vaccine that encodes the trimerized receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Local reactions and systemic events were dose-dependent, generally mild to moderate, and transient. A second vaccination with 100 µg was not administered because of the increased reactogenicity and ...

Ref: Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults [Nature (Lond.), 2020]

The vaccine was well tolerated and neutralising antibodies were detected in 63 (58%) of 108 participants by day 28.

... vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, using a one-dose vaccination schedule of intramuscular injection, was done in China. The vaccine was well tolerated and neutralising antibodies were detected in 63 (58%) of 108 participants by day 28. Additionally, a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine phase 1/2 study was done in the UK, and a ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-15]

The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, is safe and well tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups

... 28 (218·0, 181·8–261·3) schedules than the 8 μg day 0 schedule (14·7, 11·6–18·8;all p<0·001) Interpretation The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, is safe and well tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 were induced in all vaccine recipients on day 42 Two-dose immunisation ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020]

The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine is tolerable and immunogenic at 28 days post-vaccination.

... 14, and peaked 28 days post-vaccination. Specific T-cell response peaked at day 14 post-vaccination. INTERPRETATION: The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine is tolerable and immunogenic at 28 days post-vaccination. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 peaked at day 28 post-vaccination in healthy adults, and rapid specific ...

Ref: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial [Lancet, 2020]

An effective vaccine is needed to halt the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

... An effective vaccine is needed to halt the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Recently, we reported safety, tolerability and antibody response data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase I/II coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trial with BNT162b1, a lipid nanoparticle-formulated nucleoside-modified mRNA that ...

Ref: COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses [Nature (Lond.), 2020]

COVID-19 vaccines are most commonly evaluated based on their capability of generating binding and neutralizing antibodies.

... COVID-19 vaccines are most commonly evaluated based on their capability of generating binding and neutralizing antibodies. However, a range of vaccine evaluation methods and models exist, making it difficult to compare the efficacy of different vaccines. In addition to humoral immunity, specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...

Ref: Challenges in the development of a vaccine against COVID-19 [Engineering (Beijing), 2020-09-14]

Both vaccines were safe and well-tolerated in the study groups and showed some degree of immunogenicity.

... Two SARS-CoV vaccine phase I trials have been completed, evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine and a DNA vaccine expressing the spike protein [68, 69] . Both vaccines were safe and well-tolerated in the study groups and showed some degree of immunogenicity. ...

Ref: Vaccine Candidates against Coronavirus Infections. Where Does COVID-19 Stand? [Viruses, 2020-08-07]

A vaccine must stimulate effective antibody and T cell responses in vivo to induce long-term protection.

... 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, is essential for stopping the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. A vaccine must stimulate effective antibody and T cell responses in vivo to induce long-term protection. Scientific researchers have been developing vaccine candidates for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development: conventional vaccines and biomimetic nanotechnology strategies [Asian J Pharm Sci, 2020-09-01]

The designed vaccine was antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic with suitable physicochemical properties and has higher solubility.

... of the three epitope classes such as cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocyte, and linear B-lymphocyte epitopes. The designed vaccine was antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic with suitable physicochemical properties and has higher solubility. More importantly, the predicted vaccine structure was similar to the native protein. Further investigations indicated ...

Ref: Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: an immunoinformatics approach [J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2020]

The inactivated NDV-S vaccine was immunogenic, inducing strong binding and/or neutralizing antibodies in both animal models.

... membrane-anchored form of the spike (NDV-S) as a potent COVID-19 vaccine in mice and hamsters. The inactivated NDV-S vaccine was immunogenic, inducing strong binding and/or neutralizing antibodies in both animal models. More importantly, the inactivated NDV-S vaccine protected animals from SARS-CoV-2 infections or significantly attenuated SARS-CoV-2 ...

Ref: A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing membrane-anchored spike as a cost-effective inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [bioRxiv, 2020-07-31]

The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing humoral and T-cell responses rapidly in most participants.

... The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing humoral and T-cell responses rapidly in most participants. Onset of detectable immune responses was rapid, with T-cell responses peaking at day 14 after vaccination and antibodies peaking at day 28. The antibody response to the vaccine in the ...

Ref: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was tolerated in healthy adults in all three dose groups.

... the first report on a first-inhuman clinical trial of a novel Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine. The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was tolerated in healthy adults in all three dose groups. The most common adverse reactions were fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain with no significant ...

Ref: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

Atomic-level structures directed the application of prefusion-stabilizing mutations that improved the expression and immunogenicity of betacoronavirus spike proteins1.

... 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is needed to control the global coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) public health crisis. Atomic-level structures directed the application of prefusion-stabilizing mutations that improved the expression and immunogenicity of betacoronavirus spike proteins1. Using this established immunogen design, the release of SARS-CoV-2 sequences triggered immediate rapid manufacturing of ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. [Nature, 2020-08-05]

An effective preventive vaccine against this virus is urgently needed.

... The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes a respiratory illness called COVID-19 leading to a pandemic. An effective preventive vaccine against this virus is urgently needed. As the most critical step during infection, SARS-CoV-2 uses its Spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) to ...

Ref: A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity. [Nature, 2020-07-29]

Vaccines are an essential countermeasure urgently needed to control the pandemic4.

... syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 20191,2 and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic3. Vaccines are an essential countermeasure urgently needed to control the pandemic4. Here, we show that the adenovirus-vectored vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, ...

Ref: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. [Nature, 2020-07-30]

There is an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to control the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent COVID-19.

... There is an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to control the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent COVID-19. Here, we report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) produced from the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein stabilized in the prefusion conformation. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca ...

Ref: NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge [bioRxiv, 2020-08-19]

It is highly desirable that a potential vaccine will induce a potent antibody response as well as long-term .

... It is highly desirable that a potential vaccine will induce a potent antibody response as well as long-term . Identifying the epitopes that are targeted by these antibodies will be crucial to determine the antigenic sites on the spike of SARS-CoV-2. Although traditionally an effective vaccine should mainly aim ...

Ref: COVID‐19 vaccines: knowing the unknown [Eur J Immunol, 2020-05-21]

The need of the hour is to develop a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine which can induce an appropriate immune response to terminate this pandemic.

... The need of the hour is to develop a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine which can induce an appropriate immune response to terminate this pandemic. It is the universal priority to spot the international funding mechanisms to support the development, manufacturing, and stockpiling of the coronavirus vaccines. This pandemic should serve as the guidepost to ...

Ref: COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report [Virus Res, 2020-08-13]

there are still no approved human vaccines for this disease To develop an effective vaccine,

... 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been spreading throughout the world To date, there are still no approved human vaccines for this disease To develop an effective vaccine, the establishment of animal models for evaluating post-vaccination immune responses is necessary In this study, ...

Ref: Identification of a dominant CD8+ CTL epitope in the SARS-associated coronavirus 2 spike protein [Vaccine, 2020]

An effective vaccine should be able to induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies to prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell receptors.

... a suitable vaccine against COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2). An effective vaccine should be able to induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies to prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell receptors. However, to elicit the protective levels of antibodies, a vaccine may require multiple doses or ...

Ref: Potential adjuvants for the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on experimental results from similar coronaviruses [Int Immunopharmacol, 2020-06-18]

For global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal.

... syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1-8. For global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal. Here we show the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single dose of adenovirus serotype ...

Ref: Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. [Nature, 2020-07-30]

vaccines against the virus are urgently required Methods:

... single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus from the Coronaviridae family Due to a lack of antiviral drugs, vaccines against the virus are urgently required Methods: In this study, validated computational approaches were used to identify peptide-based epitopes from six structural ...

Ref: Computational perspectives revealed prospective vaccine candidates from five structural proteins of novel SARS corona virus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) [Peerj, 2020]

RESULTS CoronaVac was well tolerated, and no dose-related safety concerns were observed.

... vaccination within 7 days and 28 days, respectively. Blood samples were taken for antibody assay. RESULTS CoronaVac was well tolerated, and no dose-related safety concerns were observed. Most of the adverse reactions fell in the solicited category and were mild in severity. ...

Ref: Immunogenicity and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-59 years: Report of the Randomized, Double-blind, and Placebo-controlled Phase 2 Clinical Trial [Peerj, 2020-08-10]

The safety and immunogenicity data in this preliminary report are promising, and they support continued development of this vaccine.

... The safety and immunogenicity data in this preliminary report are promising, and they support continued development of this vaccine. However, we must bear in mind the complexity of vaccine development and the work still to be done before Covid-19 vaccines are widely available. ...

Ref: The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development Multiverse [N Engl J Med, 2020-07-14]

The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy.

... new technological platforms and advanced genetic engineering procedures are required to obtain a COVID­19 vaccine. The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy. The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of ...

Ref: Towards effective COVID­19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review) [Int J Mol Med, 2020]

Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus

... Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus However, because of the involvement of pathogenic immune processes in many severe presentations of COVID-19, eliciting an immune response with a vaccine must strike a delicate balance to achieve viral ...

Ref: Principles Learned from the International Race to Develop a Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccine [ACS central science, 2020]

Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 has a high degree of genetic similarity and bind to the same host cell ACE2 receptor.

... have opened the door for the scientist to design a new vaccine for the COVID-19. Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 has a high degree of genetic similarity and bind to the same host cell ACE2 receptor. By using different vaccine development platforms including whole virus vaccines, recombinant protein subunit vaccines, and ...

Ref: A review on Promising vaccine development progress for COVID-19 disease [Vacunas (Madrid), 2020]

Mild adverse reactions, including pain and fever, were observed but no severe adverse reaction was reported in all groups.

... 0 and 28) at all doses (2 μg, 4 μg, and 8 μg) in two age groups (18-59 years and ≥60 years) induced neutralising antibodies in 100% of vaccine recipients. Mild adverse reactions, including pain and fever, were observed but no severe adverse reaction was reported in all groups. ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-15]

the vaccine candidate awaits animal trial to validate its efficacy and safety for use in the prevention of the novel COVID-19 infections.

... and the least is TLR 2 (-1479. 6). The steady rise in Th (helper) cell population with memory development was noticed and IFN-g was provoked after simulation. At this point, the vaccine candidate awaits animal trial to validate its efficacy and safety for use in the prevention of the novel COVID-19 infections. ...

Ref: Exploring Surface Glycoprotein to Design Multi-epitope Vaccine against Covid-19 [Inform Med Unlocked, 2020]

MSCs may reduce the pathological changes that occur in the lungs and inhibit the cell-mediated inflammatory response.

... various diseases. MSCs are being investigated in a clinical trial for COVID-19, which focuses on the safety and efficiency of MSC therapy for pneumonia patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 [37] . MSCs may reduce the pathological changes that occur in the lungs and inhibit the cell-mediated inflammatory response. ...

Ref: COVID-19: An Update Regarding the Quest for Finding an Effective Cure [Cureus, 2020-07-05]

A successful global healthcare response relies on versatile vaccines and production of broadly virus-neutralizing antibodies by the immune system to protect us from emerging infectious diseases.

... A successful global healthcare response relies on versatile vaccines and production of broadly virus-neutralizing antibodies by the immune system to protect us from emerging infectious diseases. The present 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlights the urgent need for development of anti-viral biodefense. Due to the genetic and proteomic diversities of viral pathogens, establishing ...

Ref: Coronaviruses' sugar shields as vaccine candidates. [Current trends in immunology, 2020]

This construct is predicted to have a protective immunogenicity, low allergenicity and good stability with minor structural flaws in model build.

... constructed and evaluated a peptide vaccine from these potential epitopes by using in silico approach. This construct is predicted to have a protective immunogenicity, low allergenicity and good stability with minor structural flaws in model build. The population coverage of the used T-cells epitopes is believed to be high according to ...

Ref: Towards the design of multiepitope-based peptide vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-07-08]

Safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to prevent and control the outbreak of COVID-19.

... Safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to prevent and control the outbreak of COVID-19. 2019-nCoV belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here we summarized the current progress and problems in the ...

Ref: Progress in SARS and MERS vaccines: lessons for the development of COVID-19 vaccine/ SARS和MERS疫苗研究进展对COVID-19疫苗研究的借鉴作用 [Chin. J. Microbiol. Immunol., 2020]

To mitigate the public health, economic and societal impacts of the virus, a vaccine is urgently needed.

... (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 in China and caused a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To mitigate the public health, economic and societal impacts of the virus, a vaccine is urgently needed. The development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was initiated in early January 2020 when the sequence of ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. [Nature, 2020-09-23]

Safe vaccines that rapidly induce potent and long-lasting virus-specific immune responses against these infectious agents are urgently needed.

... named SARS-CoV-2, are the causative agents of the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 disease outbreaks, respectively. Safe vaccines that rapidly induce potent and long-lasting virus-specific immune responses against these infectious agents are urgently needed. The coronavirus spike (S) protein, a characteristic structural component of the viral envelope, is considered ...

Ref: Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: Immunogenicity and rapid translational development [EBioMedicine, 2020]

The vaccine has appropriate physicochemical properties such as stability at room temperature, more antigenic capability, and no possibility of allergy.

... we designed a multi-epitope peptide vaccine consisted of S, M, N, and E viral proteins. The vaccine has appropriate physicochemical properties such as stability at room temperature, more antigenic capability, and no possibility of allergy. It consists of three epitopes from S protein and one epitope from each of M, ...

Ref: Design an Efficient Multi-Epitope Peptide Vaccine Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2: An in silico Analysis [Infect Drug Resist, 2020-08-25]

Prospective Covid-19 vaccines presenting α-gal epitopes may provide better protection than vaccines lacking this epitope because of increased uptake by APC.

... defective adenovirus containing this gene. In addition, recombinant S-protein presenting multiple α-gal epitopes on the glycan-shield may be produced in glycoengineered yeast or bacteria expression systems containing the corresponding glycosyltransferases. Prospective Covid-19 vaccines presenting α-gal epitopes may provide better protection than vaccines lacking this epitope because of increased uptake by APC. ...

Ref: Amplifying immunogenicity of prospective Covid-19 vaccines by glycoengineering the coronavirus glycan-shield to present α-gal epitopes [Vaccine, 2020-08-19]

the immunogenicity of spike protein-based antigens remains unknown.

... While subunit vaccines are one of the prominent options for combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the immunogenicity of spike protein-based antigens remains unknown. When immunized in mice, the S1 domain induced much higher IgG and IgA antibody levels ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2 S1 is superior to the RBD as a COVID-19 subunit vaccine antigen [J. med. virol, 2020]

The possibility of vaccine-mediated disease enhancement with coronavirus vaccines has been flagged as a potential safety concern,

... spread of SARS-CoV-2, and the development of safe and efficacious vaccine candidates is being accelerated. The possibility of vaccine-mediated disease enhancement with coronavirus vaccines has been flagged as a potential safety concern, and, despite the urgent need, should be thoroughly assessed as vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being ...

Ref: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and disease enhancement - knowns and unknowns. [Expert review of vaccines, 2020-08-24]

Controlled human challenge trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates could accelerate the testing and potential rollout of efficacious vaccines.

... Controlled human challenge trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates could accelerate the testing and potential rollout of efficacious vaccines. By replacing conventional phase 3 testing of vaccine candidates, such trials may subtract many months from the licensure process, making efficacious vaccines available more quickly. Obviously, challenging volunteers with this ...

Ref: Human Challenge Studies to Accelerate Coronavirus Vaccine Licensure [J Infect Dis, 2020-03-31]

MEV construct was non-allergenic, antigenic, stable and flexible.

... properties and structural details of MEV were analyzed in order to ensure safety and immunogenicity. MEV construct was non-allergenic, antigenic, stable and flexible. Molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, demonstrated a stable and strong binding ...

Ref: Designing of a next generation multiepitope based vaccine (MEV) against SARS-COV-2: Immunoinformatics and in silico approaches [bioRxiv, 2020-03-02]

safely induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies in multiple mammalian species and protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.

... Wang et al. report the development, characterization, and preclinical evaluation of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate for COVID-19 that safely induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies in multiple mammalian species and protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Table 1 ...

Ref: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2 [Cell, 2020-06-06]

The vaccine was well tolerated and produced humoral and cellular immune responses in healthy adults.

... then administered as a prime-boost vaccination in phase 2, with testing for safety and immunogenicity. The vaccine was well tolerated and produced humoral and cellular immune responses in healthy adults. IgG responses were elicited in all participants, with geometric mean titres significantly higher than those ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia [Lancet, 2020-09-04]

Developing a vaccine that is safe, effective, and rapidly deployable is an urgent global health priority.

... coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid- 19) , is responsible for the 2020 global pandemic. 1, 2 Developing a vaccine that is safe, effective, and rapidly deployable is an urgent global health priority. The majority of vaccine candidates have focused on inducing antibody responses against the trimeric SARS-CoV-2 ...

Ref: Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates [N Engl J Med, 2020-07-28]

The immunogen elicits strong immunogenicity in mice and protects them against viral challenge.

... each containing the of virus spike receptor binding domain fused together via a disulfide link. The immunogen elicits strong immunogenicity in mice and protects them against viral challenge. The vaccine design strategy can be universally applied to SARS, MERS, COVID-19 and other CoV ...

Ref: A universal design of betacoronavirus vaccines against COVID-19, MERS and SARS [Cell, 2020-06-28]

A successful COVID-19 vaccine will be administered on a global scale; thus, its safety profile must be solid.

... forward with reduced numbers of study participants and cut short safety follow-up in clinical studies. A successful COVID-19 vaccine will be administered on a global scale; thus, its safety profile must be solid. Therefore, approaches for generating a COVID-19 vaccine must not compromise safety aspects and will require ...

Ref: Development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 [F1000Res, 2020-08-17]

There were no observed reactions at the vaccine injection site nor adverse reactions in 128 the animals up to 42 days post-prime vaccination.

... immunogenicity. There were no observed reactions at the vaccine injection site nor adverse reactions in 128 the animals up to 42 days post-prime vaccination. Additionally, there were no abnormalities in weight or 129 temperature in the animals (Sup. Fig. 2A-B) , and serum chemistries revealed no abnormal findings, 130 except for mild azotemia ...

Ref: Single-dose replicating RNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates [bioRxiv, 2020-05-28]

developing effective and safe vaccines is a top research priority.

... transmissibility of the virus and the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19, developing effective and safe vaccines is a top research priority. Here, we provide a detailed evaluation of the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA (mRNA-LNP) ...

Ref: A Single Immunization with Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Vaccines Elicits Strong Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice [Immunity, 2020]

The current COVID-19 pandemic has created a havoc with rapidly increasing morbidity and mortality rates globally To tide over the current circumstances,

... The current COVID-19 pandemic has created a havoc with rapidly increasing morbidity and mortality rates globally To tide over the current circumstances, it is imperative that novel vaccines are developed at the earliest Development of a novel vaccine against SARS-Co-V-2 seems to be a daunting task at the moment We will have ...

Ref: Development of COVID-19 vaccines: A race against time! [Journal of Patient Safety and Infection Control, 2020]

Whilst most viral vaccines are able to induce a seroprotective antibody response, in some high-risk individuals this may not correlate with clinical protection.

... in pregnancy. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine development is key to public preventative strategies. Whilst most viral vaccines are able to induce a seroprotective antibody response, in some high-risk individuals this may not correlate with clinical protection. Some studies have shown that factors such as age, gender, and chronic illnesses can reduce ...

Ref: Is the host viral response and the immunogenicity of vaccines altered in pregnancy? [Antibodies, 2020]

a novel multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was designed to provoke both innate and adaptive immune responses

... However, there is no vaccine available against this virus up to date In this study, a novel multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was designed to provoke both innate and adaptive immune responses The immunodominant regions of six non-structural proteins (nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp10, nsp12 and nsp14) of ...

Ref: Exploring the out of sight antigens of SARS-CoV-2 to design a candidate multi-epitope vaccine by utilizing immunoinformatics approaches [Vaccine, 2020]

BBIBP-CorV exhibits efficient productivity and good genetic stability for vaccine manufacture.

... highly efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 intratracheal challenge in rhesus macaques, without detectable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. In addition, BBIBP-CorV exhibits efficient productivity and good genetic stability for vaccine manufacture. These results support the further evaluation of BBIBP-CorV in a clinical trial. ...

Ref: Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2 [Cell, 2020]

Among all types of vaccines, epitope-based peptide vaccines outshine with their low-cost production, easy modification in the structure, and safety.

... formulation that can prevent the infection and limit the outbreak has not been announced yet. Among all types of vaccines, epitope-based peptide vaccines outshine with their low-cost production, easy modification in the structure, and safety. In this review, vaccine studies against COVID-19 have been summarized and detailed information about the ...

Ref: An insight into the epitope-based peptide vaccine design strategy and studies against covid-19 [Turk. J. Biol., 2020]

The vaccines are deemed as a significant part of disease prevention for emerging viral diseases,

... screening effective drugs against COVID-19. Nevertheless, currently, no proven effective therapies for this virus exists. The vaccines are deemed as a significant part of disease prevention for emerging viral diseases, since, in several cases, other therapeutic choices are limited or non-existent, or that diseases result ...

Ref: Overview of the current promising approaches for the development of an effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine [Int Immunopharmacol, 2020]

Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death.

... Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. This paper explores the possibility that pneumococcal vaccines in particular, but perhaps other vaccines as well, contain antigens that might be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Comparison of the glycosylation structures ...

Ref: Possible Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, CRM197 and Proteins in Pneumococcal Vaccines May Protect Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Disease and Death. [Vaccines, 2020-09-24]

The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome.

... domain; or BNT162b2, which encodes a membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, stabilized in the prefusion conformation. The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. Trial groups were defined according to vaccine candidate, age of the participants, and vaccine dose ...

Ref: Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates [N. Engl. j. med, 2020]

As vaccine vectors, they offer several advantages including low cost, low resistance to antibiotics, noninvasive administration, and high safety levels.

... As vaccine vectors, they offer several advantages including low cost, low resistance to antibiotics, noninvasive administration, and high safety levels. The most attractive feature is that bifidobacterium tends to elicit high levels of mucosal antibodies against the expressed foreign antigen following uptake via the mucosal immune system [77] . Some ...

Ref: Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines [Biomed J, 2020-05-30]

The immense damage done to public health and economies has prompted a global race for cures and vaccines.

... The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide health emergency. The immense damage done to public health and economies has prompted a global race for cures and vaccines. In developing a COVID-19 vaccine, we applied technology previously used for MERS-CoV to produce a prefusion-stabilized ...

Ref: Development of CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen as a subunit vaccine against COVID-19 [bioRxiv, 2020-08-11]

Amid these uncertainties, this report of an immunogenic, tolerable vaccine candidate is encouraging at the starting line for COVID-19 vaccine development.

... will need to be addressed in future clinical studies with close monitoring and regulatory review. Amid these uncertainties, this report of an immunogenic, tolerable vaccine candidate is encouraging at the starting line for COVID-19 vaccine development. Vaccine candidates shown to be efficacious will require substantial, well directed, and globally coordinated investments ...

Ref: The starting line for COVID-19 vaccine development [Lancet, 2020-05-28]

Such a vaccine should efficiently induce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies which neutralize SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19.

... A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed. Such a vaccine should efficiently induce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies which neutralize SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. However, there is a concern regarding both vaccine-induced eosinophilic lung disease and eosinophil-associated Th2 immunopotentiation following infection after vaccination. Here, we ...

Ref: Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Eosinophilic Disease in Association with COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection [Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2020]

COVID-19 vaccines are the most important tool to stem the pandemic.

... COVID-19 vaccines are the most important tool to stem the pandemic. They are being developed with unprecedented global collaboration and accelerated timelines to achieve WHO Emergency Use Listing, while using regulatory pathways through national regulatory authorities. Alongside preparations to ensure equitable ...

Ref: Planning for COVID-19 vaccines safety surveillance [Vaccine, 2020]

pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development, manufacturing, distribution, and vaccination phases.

... In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development, manufacturing, distribution, and vaccination phases. The proper choice of the type of vaccine, carrier or vector, adjuvant, excipients, dosage form, and route ...

Ref: The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation [AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020]

A vaccine that reduces disease but does not prevent infection might paradoxically make things worse.

... Such effects would be very welcome if they occur, but they are far from certain. A vaccine that reduces disease but does not prevent infection might paradoxically make things worse. It could falsely reassure recipients of personal invulnerability, thus reducing transmissionmitigating behaviours. In turn, this ...

Ref: COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges [Lancet, 2020-09-04]

antibodies and vaccines are particularly attractive because of their high specificity, low probability of drug-drug interaction, and potentially long-standing protective effects.

... our society triggered the race towards the development of therapies or preventive strategies. Among these, antibodies and vaccines are particularly attractive because of their high specificity, low probability of drug-drug interaction, and potentially long-standing protective effects. While the threat at hand justifies the pace of research, the implementation of therapeutic strategies ...

Ref: AI aided design of epitope-based vaccine for the induction of cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-08-26]

we shed light on the 16 current approved clinical trials worldwide in search for a COVID-19 vaccine.

... in areas relevant to vaccine design. Using the ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization (WHO) databases, we shed light on the 16 current approved clinical trials worldwide in search for a COVID-19 vaccine. The different vaccine platforms being tested are Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, DNA and RNA-based vaccines, ...

Ref: Vaccine Candidates against Coronavirus Infections. Where Does COVID-19 Stand? [Viruses, 2020]

COVCCF has ideal pharmacokinetic properties and low immune-related toxicities.

... T-cytotoxic lymphocytes. COVCCF induces cytokines important to innate immunity, including IFN-γ, IL4, and IL10. Additionally, COVCCF has ideal pharmacokinetic properties and low immune-related toxicities. In summary, this study provides a powerful, computational vaccine design platform for rapid development of ...

Ref: A Rational Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Which Accounts for the Glycan Shield of the Spike Glycoprotein. [ChemRxiv : the preprint server for chemistry, 2020-08-07]

induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates.

... we developed a pilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against other ...

Ref: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 [Science, 2020]

A successful global healthcare response relies on versatile vaccines and production of broadly virus-neutralizing antibodies by the immune system to protect us from emerging infectious diseases

... A successful global healthcare response relies on versatile vaccines and production of broadly virus-neutralizing antibodies by the immune system to protect us from emerging infectious diseases The present 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlights the urgent need for development of anti-viral biodefense Due to the genetic and proteomic diversities of viral pathogens, establishing ...

Ref: Coronaviruses' sugar shields as vaccine candidates [Curr Trends Immunol, 2020]

Previous respiratory syncytial virus and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials.

... and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Previous respiratory syncytial virus and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials. Here, we describe key ADE mechanisms and discuss mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies ...

Ref: Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies [Nat Microbiol, 2020]

Vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and vector vaccines, have already entered clinical trials.

... considerable efforts have been put into developing effective and safe drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and vector vaccines, have already entered clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the experimental and clinical data obtained from ...

Ref: A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates [Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020]

While most participants reported mild to moderate adverse events, including fever, muscle, or joint pain, most were transient and self-limiting.

... protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 108 healthy adults 18 years and older were evaluated [73] . While most participants reported mild to moderate adverse events, including fever, muscle, or joint pain, most were transient and self-limiting. The vaccine was able to induce both humoral and T cell responses with 50-75% showing ...

Ref: Vaccine Candidates against Coronavirus Infections. Where Does COVID-19 Stand? [Viruses, 2020-08-07]

clinical trials mainly focused on the assessment of the vaccine's safety (tolerability), immunogenicity and efficacy before license.

... effective vaccine requires a long and complicated process. Preclinical studies and phase Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ clinical trials mainly focused on the assessment of the vaccine"s safety (tolerability), immunogenicity and efficacy before license. After license, it is necessary to further evaluate the actual effectiveness and safety in the ...

Ref: [Conduct vaccines clinical trials and optimize the immunization strategies]. [Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 2020-09-06]

COVID-19 presents a re markably high risk of severe disease and death.

... For patients aged 60 years and older, and patients with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular disease, COVID-19 presents a re markably high risk of severe disease and death. 7 In this trial, we aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of BBIBP-CorV in ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-15]

safe, efficacious and scalable.

... livelihood and trembling economies warrant the urgent development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which would be safe, efficacious and scalable. Owing to unavailability of the vaccine, we propose a de novo synthesized avian orthoavulavirus 1 ...

Ref: A Scalable Topical Vectored Vaccine Candidate against SARS-CoV-2. [Vaccines, 2020-08-24]

Vaccine development efforts for SARS progressed rapidly but the pace for COVID-19 is much faster.

... tested further because SARS did not re-emerge. However, the experience is relevant to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Vaccine development efforts for SARS progressed rapidly but the pace for COVID-19 is much faster. The first clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines began within 4 months of the first report ...

Ref: SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-05-13]

Overall there seems to be no significant difference in safety or clinical effectiveness outcomes with the use of low-dose compared to full-dose influenza vaccines,

... Overall there seems to be no significant difference in safety or clinical effectiveness outcomes with the use of low-dose compared to full-dose influenza vaccines, which is promising given the predicted resource constraints in the upcoming influenza season due to the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). However, due to the low number of studies in adults ...

Ref: Safety and effectiveness of dose-sparing strategies for seasonal influenza vaccine: a rapid scoping review of fractional dosing of the intramuscular influenza vaccine [Cell Host Microbe, 2020-08-04]

The development of a safe and effective vaccine, therefore, is vital for mass protection of those most at risk from COVID-19-induced disease.

... if immunity is not long-lived (97) . The development of a safe and effective vaccine, therefore, is vital for mass protection of those most at risk from COVID-19-induced disease. This will reduce the number of hospitalised cases, subsequently relieving the burden on healthcare systems and will allow for relaxation of physical distancing ...

Ref: The early landscape of COVID‐19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world [Immunology, 2020-05-27]

The nature and longevity of the antibody response to coronaviruses are relevant to the potency and duration of vaccine-induced immunity.

... monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. The nature and longevity of the antibody response to coronaviruses are relevant to the potency and duration of vaccine-induced immunity. We summarize the immunogenicity of leading vaccine candidates tested to date in animals and humans ...

Ref: cord_uid vd2a6uof COVID-19 Vaccines: "Warp Speed" Needs Mind Mel... vd2a6uof COVID-19 Vaccines: "Warp Speed" Needs Mind Mel... Name: title, dtype: object [Immunology, cord_uid vd2a6uof 2020 vd2a6uof 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

the Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was tolerable and immunogenic in healthy adults.

... This first-in-human trial showed that the Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine was tolerable and immunogenic in healthy adults. One dose of the vaccine at all dose concentrations (5 × 10¹⁰, 1 × 10¹¹, and 1·5 × 10¹¹ viral particles) tested induced both specific ...

Ref: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial [Lancet, 2020-05-22]

Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death

... Various studies indicate that vaccination, especially with pneumococcal vaccines, protects against symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death This paper explores the possibility that pneumococcal vaccines in particular, but perhaps other vaccines as well, contain antigens that might be cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens Comparison of the glycosylation structures ...

Ref: Possible Cross-Reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, CRM197 and Proteins in Pneumococcal Vaccines May Protect Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Disease and Death [Vaccines, 2020]

assessed as the neutralising antibody responses against infectious SARS-CoV-2

... and outcome assessors The primary outcomes were safety and tolerability The secondary outcome was immunogenicity, assessed as the neutralising antibody responses against infectious SARS-CoV-2 This study is registered with www chictr org cn, ChiCTR2000032459 Findings In phase 1, 192 ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2020]

The older age group had lower rates of solicited adverse events than the younger adults:

... per dose) and was well tolerated in both age groups (18-59 years and ≥60 years). The older age group had lower rates of solicited adverse events than the younger adults: the overall rates of adverse events within 28 days after vaccination were 34 (47%) of ...

Ref: A promising inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-15]

immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus.

... in these identified epitopes among the 120 available SARS-CoV-2 sequences (as of 21 February 2020), immune targeting of these epitopes may potentially offer protection against this novel virus. For the T cell epitopes, we performed a population coverage analysis of the associated MHC ...

Ref: Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies [Viruses, 2020]

Among all approaches, a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine has emerged as a rapid and versatile platform to quickly respond to this challenge.

... urgent need for vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Among all approaches, a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine has emerged as a rapid and versatile platform to quickly respond to this challenge. Here, we developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of ...

Ref: A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19 [Cell, 2020]

Vaccines that effectively generate cell-mediated response are needed to provide protection against the invading pathogen.

... to B cell, where the antigen can easily escape the antibody memory response [76] . Vaccines that effectively generate cell-mediated response are needed to provide protection against the invading pathogen. Moreover the CD8+ T and CD4+ T cell responses play a major role in antiviral ...

Ref: Design of multi epitope-based peptide vaccine against E protein of human COVID-19: An immunoinformatics approach [bioRxiv, 2020-03-02]

Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus.

... [Image: see text] Vaccines against COVID-19 have the potential to protect people before they are exposed to the infective form of the virus. However, because of the involvement of pathogenic immune processes in many severe presentations of COVID-19, eliciting an immune response with a vaccine must strike a delicate balance ...

Ref: Principles Learned from the International Race to Develop a Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccine [ACS Cent Sci, 2020-07-21]

The safety and efficacy of some of these candidates have been shown in preclinical trials, and the safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials.

... vaccines, inactivated vaccines, adeno virus-vectored vaccines, RNA vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and virus-like particle vaccines. The safety and efficacy of some of these candidates have been shown in preclinical trials, and the safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] The development of inactivated vaccines is a mature ...

Ref: Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-15]

it is expected that all COVID-19 vaccines will require careful safety evaluations for immunopotentiation that could lead to increased infectivity or eosinophilic infiltration.

... bind to the same host cell ACE2 receptor. Based on previous experience with SARS-CoV vaccines, it is expected that all COVID-19 vaccines will require careful safety evaluations for immunopotentiation that could lead to increased infectivity or eosinophilic infiltration. Besides this, a COVID-19 vaccine target product profile must address vaccinating at-risk human populations including ...

Ref: The SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline: an Overview [Curr Trop Med Rep, 2020-03-03]

We observed that a single subcutaneous injection of a serie of epitopes induces a robust immunogenicity in-vivo as measured by IFNγ ELIspot.

... and non-structural (NSPs) SARS-CoV-2 proteins with selected epitopes in conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. We observed that a single subcutaneous injection of a serie of epitopes induces a robust immunogenicity in-vivo as measured by IFNγ ELIspot. Upon tetramer characterization we found that this serie of epitopes induces a strong proportion of ...

Ref: Tissue-resident memory CD8 T-cell responses elicited by a single injection of a multi-target COVID-19 vaccine [bioRxiv, 2020-08-14]

Promising antigenic B cell and T cell epitopes were predicted using computational pipelines.

... and C-terminal (CT) RNA binding domains of the nucleocapsid protein that aid in viral replication. Promising antigenic B cell and T cell epitopes were predicted using computational pipelines. The peptides "RIRGGDGKMKDL" and "AFGRRGPEQTQGNFG" were the B cell linear epitopes with good antigenic index ...

Ref: Attenuated Subcomponent Vaccine Design Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein RNA Binding Domain: In Silico Analysis [J Immunol Res, 2020]

But there is a need of vigorous testing for immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, and level of protection conferred in the hosts.

... available on SARS-CoV and to some extent on MERS-CoV for designing and developing COVID-19 vaccines. But there is a need of vigorous testing for immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, and level of protection conferred in the hosts. This review focuses on the challenges and prospects of vaccine development against COVID-19. It highlights ...

Ref: Challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccine development based on the progress made in SARS and MERS vaccine development [Transbound. emerg. dis. (Internet), 2020]

As of April 2020, no vaccine is commercially available for these coronavirus strains.

... syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses that emerged in 2002/2003 and 2012, respectively. As of April 2020, no vaccine is commercially available for these coronavirus strains. Nevertheless, the knowledge obtained from the vaccine development efforts for MERS and SARS can be ...

Ref: Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains [Infect Dis Ther, 2020]

These vaccines significantly neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 and developed a strong immune and humoral response against the virus.

... started works on more than 100 projects for the development of different vaccines against COVID-19. These vaccines significantly neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 and developed a strong immune and humoral response against the virus. We suggested that the receptor-binding J o u r n a l P r e ...

Ref: New insight on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 [Life Sci, 2020-09-11]

We observed that two saRNA LNP immunizations induced remarkably high SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in mice,

... LNP vaccine compared to the immune response of a natural infection in COVID-19 recovered patients. We observed that two saRNA LNP immunizations induced remarkably high SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in mice, with quantities that were superior to both EP pDNA and natural infection in humans, that ...

Ref: Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine induces equivalent preclinical antibody titers and viral neutralization to recovered COVID-19 patients [bioRxiv, 2020-04-25]

Both SARS and MERS vaccine candidates have been documented to be healthy, well-tolerated and capable of stimulating appropriate and suitable immune response among participants.

... at the screening point on the SARS-CoV-2 (cell, species, human). The clinical trials released were conducted mostly in the USA, but one on SARS in China [51] [52] [53] . Both SARS and MERS vaccine candidates have been documented to be healthy, well-tolerated and capable of stimulating appropriate and suitable immune response among participants. ...

Ref: COVID-19 pandemic: an overview of epidemiology, parthenogenesis, diagnostics and potential vaccines and therapeutics [Therapeutic delivery, 2020-05-13]

Immunization has helped save millions of lives from preventable and fatal diseases.

... aspect of dealing with the resilient pathogens in the past has been the coveted vaccine. Immunization has helped save millions of lives from preventable and fatal diseases. In this review, we will briefly discuss the highly sought vaccine for COVID-19, the dynamics, ...

Ref: COVID-19: A Review of Emerging Preventative Vaccines and Treatment Strategies [Cureus, 2020-05-20]

There were protocol-specified safety stopping rules for all sentinel-cohort participants.

... There were protocol-specified safety stopping rules for all sentinel-cohort participants. Both an internal review committee (IRC) and an external data monitoring committee (EDMC) reviewed all safety data. No stopping rules were met prior to the publication of this report. ...

Ref: Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report [Cureus, 2020-07-01]

Several vaccines have demonstrated phase I or phase II safety and immunogenicity [6] [7] [8] .

... vaccines. A number of different vaccine platforms have demonstrated pre-clinical immunogenicity and efficacy against pneumonia 4, 5 . Several vaccines have demonstrated phase I or phase II safety and immunogenicity [6] [7] [8] . However, at this time, no vaccine has demonstrated efficacy in the field. ...

Ref: Pre-clinical studies of a recombinant adenoviral mucosal vaccine to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection [bioRxiv, 2020-09-06]

Up to 95% of mild COVID-19 cases induce some level of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 [3] ,

... so, and whether vaccine-elicited immune responses will protect without causing harm. Early studies are promising. Up to 95% of mild COVID-19 cases induce some level of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 [3] , and nonhuman primates infected with SARS-CoV-2 are protected from reinfection with the virus [4] . ...

Ref: Balancing Expediency and Scientific Rigor in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Development [J Infect Dis, 2020-05-04]

A single intramuscular vaccination of the Ad5-nCoV was found sufficient to induce humoral and T-cell responses,

... Their platform has been previously successfully applied for the development of a vaccine against Ebola. A single intramuscular vaccination of the Ad5-nCoV was found sufficient to induce humoral and T-cell responses, while no serious adverse events were noted within 28 days postvaccination according to the accomplished ...

Ref: Current status of COVID‐19 (pre)clinical vaccine development [Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2020-07-14]