¿Cuáles son las implicaciones de los casos conocidos de reinfección por covid-19 para la vacunación?
(What are the implications of the known covid-19 reinfection cases for vaccination?)
Primeras 5 respuestas:
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Epidemiological models of COVID-19 transmission assume that recovered individuals have a fully protected immunity To date,
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the question of acquired immunity versus the possibility of reinfection are critical to anticipating future viral spread.
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It raises questions in clinical practice about the value of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection again in the event of symptomatic reoccurrence.
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Healthcare workers and immunosuppressed or renal patients had at greater risk of SARS-COV-2 reinfection.
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Anecdotal evidence is available, but detailed studies have not yet revealed whether infection with the virus results in immunity.
Epidemiological models of COVID-19 transmission assume that recovered individuals have a fully protected immunity To date,
... Epidemiological models of COVID-19 transmission assume that recovered individuals have a fully protected immunity To date, there is no definite answer about whether people who recover from COVID-19 can be reinfected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) In the absence of a clear ...
Ref: Simulation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Scenarios with Possibility of Reinfection [Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2020]the question of acquired immunity versus the possibility of reinfection are critical to anticipating future viral spread.
... As the number of patients recovered from COVID-19 rises and the world transitions toward reopening, the question of acquired immunity versus the possibility of reinfection are critical to anticipating future viral spread. Here, we present a case of a patient previously recovered from COVID-19 who re-presents with ...
Ref: A case report of possible novel coronavirus 2019 reinfection [Am J Emerg Med, 2020-07-04]It raises questions in clinical practice about the value of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection again in the event of symptomatic reoccurrence.
... COVID-19 was fatal in all three cases. CONCLUSION: This series of three geriatric cases with COVID-19 diagnosed two times apart for several weeks questions the possibility of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. It raises questions in clinical practice about the value of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection again in the event of symptomatic reoccurrence. ...
Ref: Recurrence or Relapse of COVID-19 in Older Patients: A Description of Three Cases [J. am. geriatr. soc, 2020]Healthcare workers and immunosuppressed or renal patients had at greater risk of SARS-COV-2 reinfection.
... and older subjects and those with mild primary disease were at reduced risk of reinfection. Healthcare workers and immunosuppressed or renal patients had at greater risk of SARS-COV-2 reinfection. Conclusions: If replicated in other populations, these results may be useful to prioritize efforts focusing ...
Ref: Predictors of symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS-COV-2 reinfection [J. am. geriatr. soc, 2020-09-29]Anecdotal evidence is available, but detailed studies have not yet revealed whether infection with the virus results in immunity.
... to reduce mortality whilst ensuring minimal social restrictions to the lives of the general population. Anecdotal evidence is available, but detailed studies have not yet revealed whether infection with the virus results in immunity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to use mathematical modelling to investigate the reinfection ...
Ref: Discrete SIR modelling using empirical infection data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection provides short-term immunity. [JMIR public health and surveillance, 2020-09-22]this would further complicate potential vaccine development and help to maintain worldwide virus pockets.
... BACKGROUND COVID-19 reinfections could be a major aggravating factor in this current pandemic, as this would further complicate potential vaccine development and help to maintain worldwide virus pockets. To investigate this critical question, we conducted a clinical meta-analysis including all available currently reported cases ...
Ref: Current meta-analysis does not support the possibility of COVID-19 reinfections. [Journal of medical virology, 2020-09-08]it would reduce the need for personal protective equipment that otherwise would be used for placing such patients in isolation precautions if readmitted.
... SARS-CoV-2 PCR result rather than the first one. Such a policy would have profound implications: it would reduce the need for personal protective equipment that otherwise would be used for placing such patients in isolation precautions if readmitted. Future research is needed to determine whether viral fragments released from cells after active infection ...
Ref: When should a patient with prior COVID-19 infection be placed in isolation precautions if readmitted months later? [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2020-08-06]An improved understanding of human T cell-mediated immunity in COVID-19 is important for optimizing therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
... An improved understanding of human T cell-mediated immunity in COVID-19 is important for optimizing therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Experience with influenza shows that infection primes CD8+ T cell memory to peptides presented by common HLA types like HLA-A2, which enhances recovery and diminishes clinical severity upon reinfection. Stimulating ...
Ref: cord_uid xip67k1v Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell res... xip67k1v Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell res... Name: title, dtype: object [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, cord_uid xip67k1v 2020 xip67k1v 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies,
... Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity We describe viral RNA shedding duration in hospitalized patients and identify patients with recurrent shedding We sequenced viruses from two distinct episodes ...
Ref: Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report [medRxiv, 2020]OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to use mathematical modelling to investigate the reinfection frequency of COVID-19.
... but detailed studies have not yet revealed whether infection with the virus results in immunity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to use mathematical modelling to investigate the reinfection frequency of COVID-19. METHODS We have used the SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) framework and random processing based on ...
Ref: Discrete SIR modelling using empirical infection data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection provides short-term immunity. [JMIR public health and surveillance, 2020-09-22]This study suggests that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure may protect against reinfection in rhesus macaques.
This study suggests that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure may protect against reinfection in rhesus macaques.
Ref: Can COVID-19 strike twice? [Nat Rev Microbiol, 2020-07-20]there is intense discussion about the quality and duration of the immunity elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the possibility of disease recurrence.
... With the large number of individuals infected and recovered from Covid-19, there is intense discussion about the quality and duration of the immunity elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the possibility of disease recurrence. Here we report a case with strong clinical, epidemiological and laboratorial evidence of, not only reinfection by SARS-CoV-2, but ...
Ref: Are SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence possible? a case report from Brazil [Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 2020]What do reinfection cases mean for public health and vaccination endeavors to stop the COVID-19 pandemic?
... This case report adds to rapidly growing evidence of COVID-19 reinfection, in which viral genomic sequences were used to confirm infections by distinct isolates of SARS-CoV-2. What do reinfection cases mean for public health and vaccination endeavors to stop the COVID-19 pandemic? ...
Ref: What reinfections mean for COVID-19 [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-12]SARS-CoV-2 has been known to form escape mutations, which may correspond to a reduction in immunoglobulin binding capacity.
... this new serological test, as the presence of IgG may not correspond to long-term immunity. SARS-CoV-2 has been known to form escape mutations, which may correspond to a reduction in immunoglobulin binding capacity. Patients who develop more robust immune responses with formation of memory CD8+ T-cells and helper ...
Ref: Efficacy of Serology Testing in Predicting Reinfection in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 [Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020]Her vaccines were up-to-date according to the national vaccine recommendations.
... She is overweight and her past medical history included sporadically episodes of headache, but no other chronic diseases. Her vaccines were up-to-date according to the national vaccine recommendations. She denied using continuous medications, smoking, drinking alcohol, or using illicit drugs. ...
Ref: Are SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence possible? a case report from Brazil [Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2020-09-18]Do reinfections occur because of a scant antibody response after first infection?
... Do reinfections occur because of a scant antibody response after first infection? Of the four reinfection cases reported to date, none of the individuals had known immune deficiencies. Currently, only two individuals had serological data from the first infection and one had ...
Ref: What reinfections mean for COVID-19 [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-12]Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity.
... Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity. We describe viral RNA shedding duration in hospitalized patients and identify patients with recurrent shedding. We sequenced viruses from two distinct episodes of symptomatic COVID-19 separated by 140 days in ...
Ref: Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report. [medRxiv, 2020-09-25]Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.
... acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs. ...
Ref: cord_uid r6y70to9 Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie... r6y70to9 Grundlagen der Replikation und der Immunologie... Name: title, dtype: object [medRxiv, cord_uid r6y70to9 2020 r6y70to9 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]The timing, magnitude and longevity of humoral immunity is not yet understood for SARS-CoV-2.
... (COVID-19). As of 17 April 2020, it has infected 2â114â269 people, resulting in 145â144 deaths. The timing, magnitude and longevity of humoral immunity is not yet understood for SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, understanding this is urgently required to inform the likely future dynamics of the pandemic, ...
Ref: The dynamics of humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential for reinfection [J Gen Virol, 2020]She denied using continuous medications, smoking, drinking alcohol, or using illicit drugs.
... nursing technician. She is overweight and her past medical history included sporadically episodes of headache, but no other chronic diseases. Her vaccines were up-to-date according to the national vaccine recommendations. She denied using continuous medications, smoking, drinking alcohol, or using illicit drugs. ...
Ref: Are SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and Covid-19 recurrence possible? a case report from Brazil [Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2020-09-18]We will not know definitively whether prior infection or vaccine response confers immunity until a sufficient number of previously infected or vaccinated persons are exposed to the virus.
... COVID-19 is associated with a robust immune response that includes both humoral and cell-mediated responses. We will not know definitively whether prior infection or vaccine response confers immunity until a sufficient number of previously infected or vaccinated persons are exposed to the virus. The animal rechallenge studies suggest a likely protective host response. In support of this latter ...
Ref: Whither immunity? The search for effective, durable immunity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2020-09-04]Genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 rules out persistent viral shedding or reactivation.
Taken together our analysis suggests that asymptomatic reinfection may be a potentially underreported entity. Genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 rules out persistent viral shedding or reactivation.
Ref: Asymptomatic reinfection in two healthcare workers from India with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-09-23]gaps in the understanding of the immune response to the virus have not been adequately addressed,
... shown to prevent reinfection of SARS-CoV2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in animal models, gaps in the understanding of the immune response to the virus have not been adequately addressed, and some cases of possible reinfection have been reported;however, the frequency, relevance and proof of ...
Ref: Second Episode of COVID-19 in Health Professionals: Report of Two Cases [International Medical Case Reports Journal, 2020]Epidemiological models of COVID-19 transmission assume that recovered individuals have a fully protected immunity.
... Epidemiological models of COVID-19 transmission assume that recovered individuals have a fully protected immunity. To date, there is no definite answer about whether people who recover from COVID-19 can be reinfected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the absence of ...
Ref: Simulation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Scenarios with Possibility of Reinfection [Chaos Solitons Fractals, 2020-09-18]The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed a large problem to this world and has exposed the skeleton of healthcare system all over.
... The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed a large problem to this world and has exposed the skeleton of healthcare system all over. There have been reports of patients getting reinfected with COVID-19 as they tested positive for the virus again after discharge. We try to address the issue of this reinfection and ...
Ref: COVID-19 Reinfection: Myth or Truth? [SN Compr Clin Med, 2020]many hopes are put in developing an effective vaccine against the virus,
... clinical picture of COVID-19, which includes immune memory and reinfection, remains unclear and unpredictable However, many hopes are put in developing an effective vaccine against the virus, and different therapeutic options have been implemented to find effective, even though not specific, treatment ...
Ref: Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know? [World J Biol Chem, 2020]Most studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection show that people who have recovered from COVID-19 have antibodies to the virus.
... BACKGROUND: Most studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection show that people who have recovered from COVID-19 have antibodies to the virus. No study has evaluated whether the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 confers immunity to the infection relapse but however, to date, no human reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have been confirmed. ...
Ref: Clinical immunity in discharged medical patients with COVID-19 [Int J Infect Dis, 2020]all individuals-whether previously diagnosed or not-must take identical precautions to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2.
... of reinfections could be relevant for vaccine development and application. From a public health perspective, all individuals-whether previously diagnosed or not-must take identical precautions to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2. Further work is needed to assess immune reactions in vitro after reinfection. To ascertain repeatability ...
Ref: Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-12]Reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a subject of debate.
... Background: Reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a subject of debate. We aimed to assess the risk and incidence rate of documented SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a large cohort of laboratory-confirmed cases in Qatar. Methods: All SARS-CoV-2 laboratory-confirmed cases with at ...
Ref: Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in an intense re-exposure setting [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-08-26]Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses.
... SARS-CoV-2 infection did not show detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations of viral disease, or histopathological changes. Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques. ...
Ref: Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques [Science, 2020]There is a major concern regarding the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients who recovered to first-time illness.
... Background: There is a major concern regarding the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients who recovered to first-time illness. Objective: To evaluate factors predicting severe symptomatic laboratory-confirmed (reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) SARS-COV-2 (severe acute coronavirus-2) reinfection. Method: We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Mexico ...
Ref: Predictors of severe symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS-COV-2 reinfection [Science, 2020-10-18]A mathematical model is proposed to assess the effects of a vaccine on the time evolution of a coronavirus outbreak.
... A mathematical model is proposed to assess the effects of a vaccine on the time evolution of a coronavirus outbreak. The model has the basic structure of SIRI compartments (susceptible–infectious–recovered–infectious) and is implemented by taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the available information on ...
Ref: Effects of information-dependent vaccination behavior on coronavirus outbreak: insights from a SIRI model [Ric. Mat., 2020]SARS-CoV-2 reinfection appears to be a rare phenomenon suggestive of a strong protective immunity against reinfection
... (95% CI: 0.03-0.05%) and incidence rate of reinfection was estimated at 1.09 (95% CI: 0.84-1.42) per 10,000 person-weeks. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 reinfection appears to be a rare phenomenon suggestive of a strong protective immunity against reinfection that lasts for at least a few months post primary infection. ...
Ref: Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in an intense re-exposure setting [Ric. Mat., 2020-08-26]Prior studies have shown impaired antibody response in people with uncontrolled DM following influenza and hepatitis B vaccination [30] [31] [32] .
... impaired adaptive immune response in people with DM have been summarized in Table 1 . Prior studies have shown impaired antibody response in people with uncontrolled DM following influenza and hepatitis B vaccination [30] [31] [32] . Immunity to varicella-zoster virus is reduced in people with DM that may explain the DM-associated ...
Ref: Are People With Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus At High Risk Of Reinfections With COVID-19? [Prim Care Diabetes, 2020-08-07]it may mean that the concept that people who have recovered from Covid-19 may not be susceptible again, is flawed.
... assumed that once infected, individuals mount immune response that prevents a second infection in the same individual (2) . The possibility of reinfection, if occurs, has significant clinical implications, as it may mean that the concept that people who have recovered from Covid-19 may not be susceptible again, is flawed. ...
Ref: The First Case of Documented Covid-19 Reinfection in Israel [IDCases, 2020-10-01]It currently remains unclear whether convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection.
... infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. It currently remains unclear whether convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection. We generated a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that was characterized by interstitial pneumonia ...
Ref: Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques [Science, 2020-07-02]the potential lack of antibody protection after asymptomatic infection, the possibility of antibody dependent enhancement and careful interpretation of antibody test results are discussed.
... A patient with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis with a previous positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody was diagnosed with severe COVID-19. Issues regarding reinfection, the potential lack of antibody protection after asymptomatic infection, the possibility of antibody dependent enhancement and careful interpretation of antibody test results are discussed. ...
Ref: COVID-19 in a Patient with End-Stage Renal Disease on Chronic in-Center Hemodialysis after Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies. Reinfection or Inaccuracy of Antibody Testing [IDCases, 2020-09-06]For the first 3 months of COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 was expected to be an immunizing non-relapsing disease.
... For the first 3 months of COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 was expected to be an immunizing non-relapsing disease. We report a national case series of 11 virologically-confirmed COVID-19 patients having experienced a second clinically- and virologically-confirmed acute COVID-19 episode. According to the clinical history, we discuss either re-infection ...
Ref: Clinical recurrences of COVID-19 symptoms after recovery: viral relapse, reinfection or inflammatory rebound? [J Infect, 2020-06-30]may help to explain factors that contribute to the variety of clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
... from SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Understanding how the virus subverts the initial immune response and how an aberrant innate immune response contributes to the respiratory and vascular damage in COVID-19 may help to explain factors that contribute to the variety of clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ...
Ref: Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage [Clin. exp. immunol, 2020]Reinfection, seasonality, and viral competition will shape endemic transmission patterns.
Reinfection, seasonality, and viral competition will shape endemic transmission patterns.
Ref: Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic? [Science (Wash.), 2020]people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus might be at a high risk of reinfections with COVID-19 attributed to the impaired adaptive immune response.
... contrary, in symptomatic patients, the possibility of reactivation or true reinfection remains. We hypothesize that people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus might be at a high risk of reinfections with COVID-19 attributed to the impaired adaptive immune response. In fact, multiple cases of re-positives/re-infections in people with diabetes mellitus have hitherto been reported. ...
Ref: Are people with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus at high risk of reinfections with COVID-19? [Science (Wash.), 2020]Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques.
... detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations of viral disease, or histopathological changes. Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques. ...
Ref: Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques [Science, 2020]the parallel measurement of antibody concentration and avidity might determine the hopeful success of future vaccination programs towards SARS-CoV-2.
... with SARS CoV-2 antigens in the future will be essential to ensure the quality of protection towards the virus. In line with the findings by Konio et al. 86 , the parallel measurement of antibody concentration and avidity might determine the hopeful success of future vaccination programs towards SARS-CoV-2. ...
Ref: The variability of the serological response to SARS corona virus‐2: Potential resolution of ambiguity through determination of avidity (functional affinity) [J Med Virol, 2020-07-07]it is crucial for clinicians to trust their intuition, conduct the appropriate diagnostic tests, find the underlying diagnosis and prevent the devastating consequences.
... had no symptoms and echocardiogram demonstrated complete resolution of the effusion. LESSONS: Due to the possible establishment of pericardial effusions and consecutively tamponade even without any COVID-19 related clinical presentation, it is crucial for clinicians to trust their intuition, conduct the appropriate diagnostic tests, find the underlying diagnosis and prevent the devastating consequences. ...
Ref: Symptomatic pericardial effusion in the setting of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection: A case report [Medicine (Baltimore), 2020]Further studies are needed to determine to what extent SARS-CoV-2 shedding and transmission occur during symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection.
... will inevitably be refined as new findings accumulate. Yet our small case series here indicates that symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection can occur in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Further studies are needed to determine to what extent SARS-CoV-2 shedding and transmission occur during symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection. ...
Ref: Setting the criteria for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection – six possible cases [J Infect, 2020-08-12]worldwide Health authorities are currently seeking evidence of protection from reinfection in recovered individuals
... necessity The reinfection of recovered patients is one of the major concerns of healthcare providers worldwide Health authorities are currently seeking evidence of protection from reinfection in recovered individuals This is the first case report in Saudi Arabia on a patient who was diagnosed ...
Ref: Case Report: A Recovered SARS CoV-2 Patient Protected From Reinfection [Frontiers in Medicine, 2020]yet the possibility to produce an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 might be hampered.
... ► If confirmed by in vivo studies, this hypothesis may have relevant implications for the treatment of severe forms of COVID-19, yet the possibility to produce an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 might be hampered. ...
Ref: Hypothesis to explain the severe form of COVID-19 in Northern Italy [BMJ Glob Health, 2020-06-11]When considering reconfirmed COVID-19 cases, it is important to keep social distancing even after treating the infection.
... reactivation of the virus inside the patients" body, rather than by virus reinfection after recovery. When considering reconfirmed COVID-19 cases, it is important to keep social distancing even after treating the infection. Despite no cases of reconfirmed patients infecting others having been reported yet, reexamination of patients ...
Ref: South Korea's COVID-19 infection status: From the perspective of reconfirmation after complete recovery [J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 2020]As shown by the results, the proportion of the infected population, in the absence of a curative vaccination, will continue to grow worldwide;
... implementation of quarantine and observation procedures has on the projection of further virus spread. CONCLUSIONS: As shown by the results, the proportion of the infected population, in the absence of a curative vaccination, will continue to grow worldwide; meanwhile, the recovery rate will continue slowly, which means that the ratio of infection rate ...
Ref: cord_uid 75sy3fiz Estimation of the Probability of Reinfection W... 75sy3fiz Estimation of the Probability of Reinfection W... Name: title, dtype: object [J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., cord_uid 75sy3fiz 2020 75sy3fiz 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]Our results suggest that a 2-dose vaccine regimen may be required for individuals who do not have prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
... memory B cells. During reinfection, these memory B cells can rapidly differentiate into plasmablasts, which in turn produce class-switched high affinity antibodies much more rapidly than during the primary infection. Our results suggest that a 2-dose vaccine regimen may be required for individuals who do not have prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2. ...
Ref: Serum antibody profile of a patient with COVID-19 reinfection [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-09-23]The objective of the study was to use mathematical modelling to investigate the reinfection frequency of COVID-19.
... detailed studies have not yet revealed whether infection with the virus results in immunity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to use mathematical modelling to investigate the reinfection frequency of COVID-19. METHODS: We have used the SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) framework and random processing based on ...
Ref: Discrete SIR modelling using empirical infection data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection provides short-term immunity [Clin Infect Dis, 2020]This work, therefore, provides a useful insight for serological testing strategies, lockdown easing and vaccine design.
... cases of reinfection should have been observed by now if primary SARS-CoV-2 infection did not protect from subsequent exposure in the short term, however, no such cases have been documented. This work, therefore, provides a useful insight for serological testing strategies, lockdown easing and vaccine design. ...
Ref: Discrete SIRIR modelling using empirical infection data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection provides short-term immunity [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-06-05]Larger studies including further virological, immunological and epidemiologic data are needed to understand the mechanisms of these recurrences.
... national case series of 11 virologically-confirmed COVID-19 patients having experienced a second clinically- and virologically-confirmed acute COVID-19 episode. According to the clinical history, we discuss either re-infection or reactivation hypothesis. Larger studies including further virological, immunological and epidemiologic data are needed to understand the mechanisms of these recurrences. ...
Ref: Clinical recurrences of COVID-19 symptoms after recovery: Viral relapse, reinfection or inflammatory rebound? [J. infect, 2020]Several reports on re-positive cases subsequent to discharge from hospitals caught our attention.
... started in December 2019 and rapidly spread around the globe as a major health threat. Several reports on re-positive cases subsequent to discharge from hospitals caught our attention. We aimed to highlight real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) positivity re-detection after discharge from the ...
Ref: Re-positive COVID-19 PCR test: could it be a reinfection? [New Microbes New Infect, 2020-08-20]In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
... In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to assess the long-term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were ...
Ref: Immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review [Rev Med Virol, 2020]Insights from infections with the four seasonal human coronaviruses might reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses.
... question in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the duration of acquired immunity. Insights from infections with the four seasonal human coronaviruses might reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy individuals for more than 35 years and determined that reinfection with the ...
Ref: Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting. [Nature medicine, 2020-09-14]Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans.
... evidence that cats or dogs play a significant role in human infection; however, reverse zoonosis is possible if infected owners expose their domestic pets to the virus during acute infection. Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans. ...
Ref: Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 2020]Current limited data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 induces some degree of immunity.
... Current limited data suggests that SARS-CoV-2 induces some degree of immunity. To date, there is only one definitive report of reinfection within 4 months, proven by genetic sequencing of the virus , and in one small study rhesus macaques appeared protected ...
Ref: COVID-19 makes B cells forget, but T cells remember [Cell, 2020-09-04]The extent and duration of immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical outstanding questions about the epidemiology of this novel virus,
... The extent and duration of immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical outstanding questions about the epidemiology of this novel virus, and studies are needed to evaluate the effects of serostatus on reinfection. Understanding the potential sources of bias and methods to alleviate biases in these studies is important for informing ...
Ref: Potential Biases Arising from Epidemic Dynamics in Observational Seroprotection Studies [Am. j. epidemiol, 2020]Serological tests detect antibodies against the suspected pathogen, which are produced by an individual's immune system.
... relating to the suspected pathogen is indicative of an active infection with the suspected pathogen. Serological tests detect antibodies against the suspected pathogen, which are produced by an individual"s immune system. A positive serological test result indicates recent exposure to the suspected pathogen but cannot be ...
Ref: cord_uid q2b4ig1h COVID-19 Special Column: Principles Behind the... q2b4ig1h COVID-19 Special Column: Principles Behind the... Name: title, dtype: object [Am. j. epidemiol, cord_uid q2b4ig1h 2020 q2b4ig1h 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]This case illustrates the risks of treating recently recovered COVID-19 patients with immunosuppressive therapy, particularly lymphocyte- and antibody-depleting therapy,
... rate in mid-June in New York City, reinfection appears to have been unlikely and SARS-CoV-2 reactivation is a possible explanation. This case illustrates the risks of treating recently recovered COVID-19 patients with immunosuppressive therapy, particularly lymphocyte- and antibody-depleting therapy, and raises new questions about the potential of SARS-CoV-2 reactivation. ...
Ref: Severe COVID-19 virus reactivation following treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [J Hematol Oncol, 2020]initial exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might not result in a level of immunity that 30
... of vaccination in response to COVID-19. If we have truly reported a case of reinfection, initial exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might not result in a level of immunity that 30 A major limitation of our case study is that we were unable to undertake any ...
Ref: Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-12]A notably enhanced neutralizing antibody response might contribute the protection of rhesus macaques from the reinfection by SARS-CoV-2.
... identical SARS-CoV-2 strain have failed to produce detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations and histopathological changes. A notably enhanced neutralizing antibody response might contribute the protection of rhesus macaques from the reinfection by SARS-CoV-2. Our results indicated that primary SARS-CoV-2 infection protects from subsequent reinfection. One Sentence Summary Neutralizing ...
Ref: Lack of Reinfection in Rhesus Macaques Infected with SARS-CoV-2 [bioRxiv, 2020-05-01]FUNDING: Nevada IDEA Network of Biomedical Research, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (National Institutes of Health).
... All individuals, whether previously diagnosed with COVID-19 or not, should take identical precautions to avoid infection with SARS-CoV-2. The implications of reinfections could be relevant for vaccine development and application. FUNDING: Nevada IDEA Network of Biomedical Research, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (National Institutes of Health). ...
Ref: Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study [Lancet infect. dis, 2020]Our results may contribute to the current knowledge of SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity
... large set of laboratory-positive cases of symptomatic SARS-COV-2 reinfection and factors associated with illness severity was characterized. Our results may contribute to the current knowledge of SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity and to identify populations at increased risk of a poorer outcome after reinfection. ...
Ref: Predictors of severe symptomatic laboratory-confirmed SARS-COV-2 reinfection [Lancet infect. dis, 2020-10-18]An unprecedented worldwide effort is channelling academic and industrial resources into the rapid production and testing of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
... is usually viewed as a stop-gap measure and hopes are pinned on developing effective vaccines. An unprecedented worldwide effort is channelling academic and industrial resources into the rapid production and testing of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Quite apart from the potential dangers of accelerated vaccine development [2] , and remembering the ...
Ref: Can an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine be developed for the older population? [Immun Ageing, 2020-04-11]The neutralising antibodies suggest complete or partial immunity against reinfection.
... indicating prior infection in three of the five family members. The other commercial assays indicated possible infection in a fourth family member, but this result was likely due to cross-reactivity. The neutralising antibodies suggest complete or partial immunity against reinfection. ...
Ref: Antistoffrespons hos en familie med covid-19./ Antistoffrespons hos en familie med covid-19./ Antibody response in a family with COVID-19 [Tidsskr. nor. laegeforen., 2020]The research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81873451).
The research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81873451).
Ref: Duration of serum neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from SARS-CoV infection [J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020-03-25]Their paper suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may continue to circulate among the human populations despite 2 herd immunity due to natural infection or vaccination.
... specimens collected during two episodes of COVID-19 in a patient. Epidemiological, clinical, serological, and genomic analyses confirmed that the patient had reinfection instead of persistent viral shedding from first infection. Their paper suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may continue to circulate among the human populations despite 2 herd immunity due to natural infection or vaccination. ...
Ref: Simulation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Scenarios with Possibility of Reinfection [Chaos Solitons Fractals, 2020-09-18]the investigation and use of immune tools that nature has endowed to children might improve management outcomes.
... novelty. Although vaccines are the way forward, in emergency situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the investigation and use of immune tools that nature has endowed to children might improve management outcomes. GI is supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente Linea 1). AZ and ...
Ref: The immune system of children: the key to understanding SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility? [Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020-05-06]The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 disease, has resulted in a global pandemic.
... BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 disease, has resulted in a global pandemic. Since its emergence in December 2019, the virus has infected millions of people, caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands and resulted in incalculable social and economic damage. Understanding ...
Ref: Discrete SIR modelling using empirical infection data shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection provides short-term immunity [Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020]these findings will be relevant from a clinical-epidemiological point of view to define isolation strategies and to develop vaccines.
... in the understanding of the immune response to the virus that are not fully elucidated, reinforce the need to expand the investigation. Then, if the risk of reinfection is confirmed, these findings will be relevant from a clinical-epidemiological point of view to define isolation strategies and to develop vaccines. ...
Ref: Second Episode of COVID-19 in Health Professionals: Report of Two Cases [Int Med Case Rep J, 2020-10-02]Both cellular and humoral immunities are critically important to control COVID19 infection
... Both cellular and humoral immunities are critically important to control COVID19 infection but little is known about the kinetics of those responses and, in particular, in patients who will go on to develop a severe form of the disease over several weeks. ...
Ref: Serological surveys in Reunion Island of the first hospitalized patients revealed that long-lived immunoglobulin G antibodies specific against SARS-CoV2 virus are rapidly vanishing in severe cases [Int Med Case Rep J, 2020-06-02]Targeted, precise management of the pandemic and avoiding past mistakes would help minimize mortality.
... further affected by potential availability of effective vaccines and treatments, optimal management and measures taken, COVID-19 interplay with influenza and other health problems, reinfection potential, and any chronic COVID-19 consequences. Targeted, precise management of the pandemic and avoiding past mistakes would help minimize mortality. ...
Ref: Global perspective of COVID-19 epidemiology for a full-cycle pandemic. [European journal of clinical investigation, 2020-10-07]Reinfection with the four known human seasonal coronavirus infections has been described,
... Reinfection with the four known human seasonal coronavirus infections has been described, even in the presence of pre-existing coronavirus antibodies, and is not unusual. 9 However, "reactivated", "relapsed" or "latent" infection seems less likely and is not yet described for the family ...
Ref: Setting the criteria for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection – six possible cases [J Infect, 2020-08-12]Medicine has known of SARS-CoV-2 for less than 1 year and correlates of immunity are not well understood.
... causal relationship between declining titers of neutralizing antibody and susceptibility to reinfection is currently premature. Medicine has known of SARS-CoV-2 for less than 1 year and correlates of immunity are not well understood. More time and research are needed to inform our knowledge of the duration and durability ...
Ref: Implications of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Antibody Dynamics for Immunity and Convalescent Plasma Therapy [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-08-17]the reinfection is very unlikely and any antibody immunity protects against recurrence, at least in the short term.
... still short, incomplete and lacking of the immunological data that will be investigated in the next months, but with our clinical observation we think we have confirmed two basic points: the reinfection is very unlikely and any antibody immunity protects against recurrence, at least in the short term. ...
Ref: Clinical Immunity in Discharged Medical Patients with COVID 19 [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-08-07]the proportion of the infected population, in the absence of a curative vaccination, will continue to grow worldwide;
... procedures has on the projection of further virus spread. CONCLUSIONS: As shown by the results, the proportion of the infected population, in the absence of a curative vaccination, will continue to grow worldwide; meanwhile, the recovery rate will continue slowly, which means that the ratio of infection rate ...
Ref: Estimation of the Probability of Reinfection With COVID-19 by the Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed-Undetectable-Susceptible Model [JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2020-05-13]vaccination may not result in an effective and long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
... possibility of reinfection, and short duration of seropositivity for neutralizing antibodies raise the concern that vaccination may not result in an effective and long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, immunoglobulin levels may not correlate with viral shedding and risk of transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. ...
Ref: With Risk of Reinfection, Is COVID-19 Here to Stay? [Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2020-07-27]BackgroundSARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may protect from reinfection and disease,
... BackgroundSARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may protect from reinfection and disease, providing the rationale for administration of plasma containing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAb) as a treatment for COVID-19. The clinical factors and laboratory assays to streamline plasma donor selection, and the ...
Ref: Clinical, laboratory, and temporal predictors of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-10-08]SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies confer protective immunity against reinfection.
... SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies confer protective immunity against reinfection. We have developed a rapid test for screening SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibodies using genome-free virus-like particles incorporated with a small luciferase peptide, HiBiT. Their entry into LgBiT-expressing target cells reconstitutes NanoLuc ...
Ref: Rapid quantitative screening assay for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using HiBiT-tagged virus-like particles [medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2020-07-22]Of the four reinfection cases reported to date, none of the individuals had known immune deficiencies.
... Do reinfections occur because of a scant antibody response after first infection? Of the four reinfection cases reported to date, none of the individuals had known immune deficiencies. Currently, only two individuals had serological data from the first infection and one had pre-existing antibody (IgM) against ...
Ref: What reinfections mean for COVID-19 [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-10-12]Conclusions: Here we show that the vast majority of confirmed COVID19 patients seroconvert, potentially providing immunity to reinfection.
... of suspected SARS-CoV-2 patients seroconverted. PCR-positivity was detected up to 28 days from symptom resolution. Conclusions: Here we show that the vast majority of confirmed COVID19 patients seroconvert, potentially providing immunity to reinfection. We also report that in a large proportion of individuals, viral genome can be detected ...
Ref: Humoral immune response and prolonged PCR positivity in a cohort of 1343 SARS-CoV 2 patients in the New York City region [Lancet Infect Dis, 2020-05-05]patients infected with COVID-19 may safely discontinue home isolation and are considered non-infectious after complete symptomatic recovery
... over a few short months [1, 2] . According to the World Health Organization recommendations, patients infected with COVID-19 may safely discontinue home isolation and are considered non-infectious after complete symptomatic recovery in addition to two negative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests for SARS-CoV-2 drawn ...
Ref: A case report of possible novel coronavirus 2019 reinfection [Am J Emerg Med, 2020-07-04]Robust serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 are essential for determining prior infection and the suitability of donated convalescent plasma for plasma therapy.
... BACKGROUND Robust serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 are essential for determining prior infection and the suitability of donated convalescent plasma for plasma therapy. We compared two in-house and three commercial serological assays in a family cohort with SARS-CoV-2-infected members. CASE PRESENTATION Three individuals in a family of five developed COVID-19 confirmed by ...
Ref: Antibody response in a family with COVID-19. [Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2020-08-18]Commercially available serologic tests for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are being performed.
... As countries emerge from pandemic lockdown, many countries are relaxing international travel restrictions. Commercially available serologic tests for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are being performed. The concept of an ‘immunity passport’ has gained popularity, whereby evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody production would signal ...
Ref: Immunity passports to travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: controversies and public health risks [J Public Health (Oxf), 2020-08-05]There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine.
... an effective vaccine or if the population has been infected and is resistant to reinfection. There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine. Concerted efforts by physicians, academic laboratories, and companies around the world have improved detection and ...
Ref: COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design [ACS nano, 2020]Many aspects of COVID-19 remain under investigation, including possible mechanisms of reactivation.
... Many aspects of COVID-19 remain under investigation, including possible mechanisms of reactivation. In this case, the patient had high levels of COVID-19 antibodies until treatment with rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody that is known to deplete B cells and is a known risk ...
Ref: Severe COVID-19 virus reactivation following treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [J Hematol Oncol, 2020-10-02]Recent reports that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are not maintained in the serum following recovery from the virus have caused alarm.
... Recent reports that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are not maintained in the serum following recovery from the virus have caused alarm. However, the absence of specific antibodies in the serum does not necessarily mean an absence of immune memory. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of B ...
Ref: Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19 [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020-08-24]Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 serve as critical diagnostic markers for determining how broadly the COVID-19 pandemic has spread,
... INTRODUCTION: Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 serve as critical diagnostic markers for determining how broadly the COVID-19 pandemic has spread, confirming patient recovery, monitoring potential long-term effects of infection, and evaluating potential protection from reinfection. As new antibody tests become available, it is important to evaluate their performance and ...
Ref: A comparative evaluation between the Abbott Panbio™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device and Abbott Architect™ SARS CoV-2 IgG assay [J Clin Virol, 2020]aviruses can infect people and then spreading from person-to-person.
... aviruses can infect people and then spreading from person-to-person. However, this may happen with serious consequences: well known cases are that of Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which killed 813 people worldwide during 2002-2003 outbreak [29] , and the ...
Ref: Effects of information-dependent vaccination behavior on coronavirus outbreak: insights from a SIRI model [J Clin Virol, 2020-04-09]implications for reinfection models, identification of true correlates of protection, and protective quality of future vaccines.
... questions regarding a larger discussion on the necessity of pre-screening in a mid-pandemic research community, implications for reinfection models, identification of true correlates of protection, and protective quality of future vaccines. These data clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure will have dramatic impact on any evaluation for ...
Ref: Animal Model Prescreening: Pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 impacts responses in the NHP model [bioRxiv, 2020-07-13]In the absence of a vaccine, building up SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity through natural infection is theoretically possible.
... and safety, although an optimistic estimate for any vaccine trial is at least 12-18 months. In the absence of a vaccine, building up SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity through natural infection is theoretically possible. However, there is no straightforward, ethical path to reach this goal, as the societal consequences ...
Ref: Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19 [Immunity, 2020-05-19]Here, we showed that serum neutralizing antibody could be detected during the first episode but not at presentation of the second episode.
... We recently reported a patient with COVID-19 reinfection. Here, we showed that serum neutralizing antibody could be detected during the first episode but not at presentation of the second episode. During reinfection, neutralizing antibody and high avidity IgG were found within 8 days after hospitalization, while IgM response was absent. ...
Ref: Serum antibody profile of a patient with COVID-19 reinfection [Immunity, 2020]Patients' lack of efficiency in virus clearance was a risk factor for RP result.
... shortly after the negative tests, were not associated with worsening symptoms and unlikely reflect reinfection. Patients" lack of efficiency in virus clearance was a risk factor for RP result. It is noteworthy that elder RP patients (≥ 60 years old) were more susceptible to ...
Ref: Incidence, clinical course and risk factor for recurrent PCR positivity in discharged COVID-19 patients in Guangzhou, China: A prospective cohort study. [PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020-08-31]We also retrieved studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to assess the long-term duration of antibody responses.
... searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to assess the long-term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were searched ...
Ref: Immune response following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review [Rev Med Virol, 2020]remains debated.
... of COVID-19, as well as their potential to provide long-term protection from reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, remains debated. Nevertheless, recent studies have highlighted various aspects of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection that ...
Ref: T cell responses in patients with COVID-19 [Nat Rev Immunol, 2020]Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies that develop during convalescence prevent reinfection in animal models.
... antiviral interferon (IFN) response. The virus is susceptible to exogenous type I IFN but suppresses the induction of IFN. Innate immunity is important for viral clearance in the mouse model. Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies that develop during convalescence prevent reinfection in animal models. ...
Ref: The Immunobiology of SARS*. [Annual review of immunology, 2007]In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
... In this review, we systematically searched and summarized the evidence on the immune response and reinfection rate following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We also retrieved studies on SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV to assess the long‐term duration of antibody responses. A protocol based on Cochrane rapid review methodology was adhered to and databases were ...
Ref: Immune response following infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses: A rapid review [Rev Med Virol, 2020-09-23]The animal rechallenge studies suggest a likely protective host response.
... until a sufficient number of previously infected or vaccinated persons are exposed to the virus. The animal rechallenge studies suggest a likely protective host response. In support of this latter concept, thus far into the pandemic, few, if any, cases ...
Ref: Whither immunity? The search for effective, durable immunity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2020-09-04]