¿Qué medidas podrían mitigar el resurgimiento de la covid-19?

(What measures could mitigate resurgence of covid-19?)

Primeras 5 respuestas:

1. Relaxation of the community measures or 'reopening' of the economy may not be blamed for a second rise in incidence rates.


2. Adherence to public health recommendations will be critical to minimize resurgence in community transmission during reopening.


3. Removing physical distancing policies poses significant risks with regard to resource management.


4. Return to normal or near-normal levels of contact would rapidly result in cases exceeding ICU capacity.


5. This simple LSD index provides a quantitative assessment of whether and when to ease or implement social distancing to provide advice for health decision makers and travelers.

Relaxation of the community measures or 'reopening' of the economy may not be blamed for a second rise in incidence rates.

... viral outbreak is intrinsically determined by the nature of the virus interaction with the host. Relaxation of the community measures or "reopening" of the economy may not be blamed for a second rise in incidence rates. The theory also provides one explanation for the possible observation of decreased case-fatality over time. ...

Ref: Second wave of of Covid-19 is determined by immune mechanism [Med Hypotheses, 2020-09-02]

Adherence to public health recommendations will be critical to minimize resurgence in community transmission during reopening.

... negatively impacted economically by stay-at-home orders (Aratani & Rushe, 2020) , and are also suffering some of the highest mortality rates from COVID-19 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Adherence to public health recommendations will be critical to minimize resurgence in community transmission during reopening. ...

Ref: African American Adherence to COVID-19 Public Health Recommendations [Health Lit Res Pract, 2020-08-06]

Removing physical distancing policies poses significant risks with regard to resource management.

... social distancing policies would likely result in a smaller spike, with less severe strain on available medical resources. CONCLUSIONS Milwaukee County remains very susceptible to a resurgence of COVID-19 cases. Removing physical distancing policies poses significant risks with regard to resource management. ...

Ref: Investigating the Trajectory of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Milwaukee County and Projected Effects of Relaxed Distancing. [WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 2020-06-01]

Return to normal or near-normal levels of contact would rapidly result in cases exceeding ICU capacity.

... case detection, isolation, and/or contact tracing was projected to result in resurgence of disease activity. Return to normal or near-normal levels of contact would rapidly result in cases exceeding ICU capacity. Maintaining physical distancing for a longer period of time, allowing for the initial wave of ...

Ref: Reduced COVID-19-Related Critical Illness and Death, and High Risk of Epidemic Resurgence, After Physical Distancing in Ontario, Canada [WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 2020-05-02]

This simple LSD index provides a quantitative assessment of whether and when to ease or implement social distancing to provide advice for health decision makers and travelers.

... January to July 5. The results of the LSD index on the resurgence of the COVID-19 epidemic in certain regions and validation by other emerging infectious diseases are presented. CONCLUSIONS: This simple LSD index provides a quantitative assessment of whether and when to ease or implement social distancing to provide advice for health decision makers and travelers. ...

Ref: cord_uid frbin34n An Index for Lifting Social Distancing During ... frbin34n An Index for Lifting Social Distancing During ... Name: title, dtype: object [WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, cord_uid frbin34n 2020 frbin34n 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

Our work may inform provincial governments to make risk level-based, differentiated control measures.

... Here, we estimated the probability of COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in typical provinces/cities and found that such probability is very limited (<5% for all the regions except Beijing). Our work may inform provincial governments to make risk level-based, differentiated control measures. ...

Ref: Negligible risk of the COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in China (outside Hubei): a statistical probability study [J Public Health (Oxf), 2020]

the risk of a resurgence of COVID-19 may be related to the public's voluntary adherence to public health recommendations.

... of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). As states begin to lift these orders to reopen the economy, the risk of a resurgence of COVID-19 may be related to the public"s voluntary adherence to public health recommendations. We conducted a nationally representative survey of 604 African Americans to generate a risk assessment ...

Ref: African American Adherence to COVID-19 Public Health Recommendations [Health Lit Res Pract, 2020]

relaxation of community control measures is almost always blamed for the resurgence of cases In this letter,

... clearly observed in several countries that had seen flattening of the epidemic curve In general, relaxation of community control measures is almost always blamed for the resurgence of cases In this letter, the author describes an immunological explanation for the double-peaked epidemic curve of new viral diseases ...

Ref: Second wave of Covid-19 is determined by immune mechanism [Medical Hypotheses, 2020]

Enforcement coupled with fear of contracting COVID-19 have motivated high levels of adherence to these stringent regulations.

... These life-saving strategies, credited with preventing millions of COVID-19 cases, separate and move people apart. Enforcement coupled with fear of contracting COVID-19 have motivated high levels of adherence to these stringent regulations. How will populations react when warned to shelter from an oncoming Atlantic hurricane while COVID-19 ...

Ref: Mitigating the Twin Threats of Climate-Driven Atlantic Hurricanes and COVID-19 Transmission [Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2020]

policymakers could consider staged relaxation of physical distancing and monitor changes in contacts (for example, using digital approaches) as an early warning signal.

... of improved capacity for testing and contact tracing as a means of controlling COVID-19 spread, policymakers could consider staged relaxation of physical distancing and monitor changes in contacts (for example, using digital approaches) as an early warning signal. A limitation of our model is that it was fitted to mortality among hospitalized case ...

Ref: Risk for COVID-19 Resurgence Related to Duration and Effectiveness of Physical Distancing in Ontario, Canada [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-27]

supporting the continuous implementation of social distancing measures to control the outbreak.

... and Gyeonggi Province, repectively. Even though our findings indicate the effectiveness of the control measures against COVID-19 in Korea, they also indicate the potential resurgence and sustained transmission of COVID-19, supporting the continuous implementation of social distancing measures to control the outbreak. ...

Ref: Regional variability in time-varying transmission potential of COVID-19 in South Korea [Ann Intern Med, 2020-07-22]

social distancing or 'lockdown' measures to reduce viral transmission.

... million cases across more than 200 countries. And most countries with significant outbreaks had introduced social distancing or "lockdown" measures to reduce viral transmission. So the key question now is when, how, and to what extent, these measures can ...

Ref: Estimates of the ongoing need for social distancing and control measures post-"lockdown" from trajectories of COVID-19 cases and mortality [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-01]

Vigorous non-pharmaceutical interventions have largely suppressed the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China.

... Vigorous non-pharmaceutical interventions have largely suppressed the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. We extended the susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model to study the transmission dynamics and evaluate the impact of interventions using 32,583 laboratory-confirmed cases from December 8, 2019 till March 8, 2020, accounting for ...

Ref: Full-spectrum dynamics of the coronavirus disease outbreak in Wuhan, China: a modeling study of 32,583 laboratory-confirmed cases [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-04]

The measures and interventions initially include a dusk-dawn curfew and massive campaign and sensitization measures of social and physical distancing.

... the Government of Kenya (GOK) instituted measures towards addressing the spread and transmission of COVID-19. The measures and interventions initially include a dusk-dawn curfew and massive campaign and sensitization measures of social and physical distancing. On 6th April 3 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a ...

Ref: Modeling the Effects of Non-PharmaceuticalInterventions on COVID-19 Spread in Kenya [Ann Intern Med, 2020-05-20]

We check our theoretical framework using real-world data on physical distancing with two different data repositories, obtaining consistent results.

... and human mobility, reduce the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and mitigate the risk of disease resurgence. We check our theoretical framework using real-world data on physical distancing with two different data repositories, obtaining consistent results. Finally, we propose an equation for the effective reproduction number which takes into account types ...

Ref: Epidemic response to physical distancing policies and their impact on the outbreak risk [Ann Intern Med, 2020-07-29]

These measures included the shutting down of public facilities and regulating bars and karaoke rooms.

... weeks of strict social distancing measures incorporating stringent virus prevention guidelines for the metropolitan area. These measures included the shutting down of public facilities and regulating bars and karaoke rooms. In the second week of June, South Korea decided to indefinitely extend a period of ...

Ref: Spatial variability in reproduction number and doubling time across two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea, February to July 2020 [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-10-08]

A seemingly small relaxation of social distancing rules can result in a relatively large increase in the incidence of new infections.

... counties, Milwaukee and Dane, can be directly mapped into their respective volumes of bar traffic. A seemingly small relaxation of social distancing rules can result in a relatively large increase in the incidence of new infections. This study relies exclusively on publicly available, aggregate health data that contain no individual identifiers. ...

Ref: COVID-19, bar crowding, and the Wisconsin Supreme Court: A non-linear tale of two counties [Res. Int. Bus. Financ., 2020]

non-medical mask-wearing, shelter-in-place, and detection of silent infections to help inform COVID-19 mitigation strategies.

... United States (US). We sought to quantify the impact of several public health measures, including non-medical mask-wearing, shelter-in-place, and detection of silent infections to help inform COVID-19 mitigation strategies. METHODS: We expanded a previously established agent-based disease transmission model and parameterized it with estimates ...

Ref: The impact of mask-wearing and shelter-in-place on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States [Int. j. infect. dis, 2020]

Shelter-in-place and mask-wearing strategies can substantially reduce the magnitude of outbreaks and adverse clinical outcomes.

... Shelter-in-place and mask-wearing strategies can substantially reduce the magnitude of outbreaks and adverse clinical outcomes. However, since we excluded healthy individuals between 20 and 49 years of age from our shelter-in-place strategies, effective control of COVID-19 outbreaks will need to include the rapid identification of ...

Ref: The impact of mask-wearing and shelter-in-place on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-10-09]

a method for a rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care diagnosis and mass screening is urgently needed.

... COVID-19 pandemic and prevent its resurgence in areas preparing for a return of economic activities, a method for a rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care diagnosis and mass screening is urgently needed. We developed and evaluated a one-step colorimetric reverse-transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (COVID-19-LAMP) for detection ...

Ref: A Rapid, Simple, Inexpensive, and Mobile Colorimetric Assay COVID-19-LAMP for Mass On-Site Screening of COVID-19 [Int J Infect Dis, 2020]

what alternatives might be more effective at mitigating the second wave.

... how accurately it predicts the extent of current resurgence (from available policy descriptions), and (ii) what alternatives might be more effective at mitigating the second wave. We further compare policies that rely on partial venue closure to policies that espouse wide-spread ...

Ref: Analyzing the Design Space of Re-opening Policies and COVID-19 Outcomes in the US [Int J Infect Dis, 2020-04-30]

The optimal duration of the control measures to avoid resurgence was estimated to be 2 months, although would need to be longer under less effective controls.

... large impact on controlling the epidemic, and the current Chinese intense social distancing intervention has reduced the impact substantially but would have been even more effective had it started earlier. The optimal duration of the control measures to avoid resurgence was estimated to be 2 months, although would need to be longer under less effective controls. ...

Ref: Investigating time, strength, and duration of measures in controlling the spread of COVID-19 using a networked meta-population model [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020]

Intermittent lockdown has been proposed as a means of controlling the outbreak while allowing periods of increased freedom and economic activity.

... 0.76 (95% CI 0.72-0.82) based on cases, and 0.77 (95% CI 0.73-0.80) based on mortality. Intermittent lockdown has been proposed as a means of controlling the outbreak while allowing periods of increased freedom and economic activity. These data suggest that few countries could have even 1†week per month unrestricted without ...

Ref: Estimates of the ongoing need for social distancing and control measures post-"lockdown" from trajectories of COVID-19 cases and mortality [Eur. respir. j, 2020]

Changes in the prevalence of circulating respiratory viruses may provide a useful reflection of the success of ongoing measures including physical distancing restrictions.

... impact on the prevalence of all respiratory viral infections highlighting the effectiveness of this approach. Changes in the prevalence of circulating respiratory viruses may provide a useful reflection of the success of ongoing measures including physical distancing restrictions. M a n u s c r i p t 11 9. Kuo S-C et ...

Ref: Concomitant marked decline in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic patients following public health interventions in Australia: data from St Vincent’s Hospital and associated screening clinics, Sydney, NSW. [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-08-25]

by decreasing s at a rate higher 108 than that due to infection alone; or by increasing γ.

... be given, we see that R ef f 107 can be decreased in two ways: by decreasing s at a rate higher 108 than that due to infection alone; or by increasing γ. The 109 former can be considered an abstraction of social distancing 110 measures, since these ...

Ref: A path out of COVID-19 quarantine: an analysis of policy scenarios [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-04-29]

Urgent, targeted and agile responses have the potential to mitigate and reverse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis in South-East Asia.

... accessible cash transfers and nutrition support - will be critical to success. As COVID-19 recedes, countries will need "catch-up plans" to deploy supplementary measures to address the increased tuberculosis burden. Urgent, targeted and agile responses have the potential to mitigate and reverse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis in South-East Asia. ...

Ref: Mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on progress towards ending tuberculosis in the WHO South-East Asia Region. [WHO South-East Asia journal of public health, 2020-09-01]

As the USA gradually lifts restrictions and re-opens, surgeons must adjust accordingly.

... and reshaped the delivery of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) over the past few months. As the USA gradually lifts restrictions and re-opens, surgeons must adjust accordingly. Therefore, the OMS Resurgence Conference: Safely Resuming Practice with a New Normal was organized for ...

Ref: Proceedings from the OMS Resurgence Conference for resuming clinical practice after COVID-19 in the USA [Int. j. oral maxillofac. surg, 2020]

physical distancing, wearing masks, testtrace-isolation of suspected cases, shielding of the vulnerable and banning mass gatherings [6] .

... adopted by developed countries such as France, Switzerland and Italy) has involved measures such as physical distancing, wearing masks, testtrace-isolation of suspected cases, shielding of the vulnerable and banning mass gatherings [6] . The successful implementation of this no-lockdown mitigation-only approach, however, is contingent on a number of ...

Ref: Long-term strategies to control COVID-19 in low and middle-income countries: an options overview of community-based, non-pharmacological interventions [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020-07-13]

it reduces the transmission rate of some infections, therefore slowing resurgence.

... Vector control offers the potential to mitigate the impact of a disruption to programs as it reduces the transmission rate of some infections, therefore slowing resurgence. However, the impact of vector control depends on the extent to which it is sustained ...

Ref: Predicted Impact of COVID-19 on Neglected Tropical Disease Programs and the Opportunity for Innovation [Clin Infect Dis, 2020-09-28]

(1) no intervention, (2) consecutive cycles of mitigation measures followed by a relaxation period,

... on intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths over an 18-month period for following scenarios: (1) no intervention, (2) consecutive cycles of mitigation measures followed by a relaxation period, and (3) consecutive cycles of suppression measures followed by a relaxation period. We defined these ...

Ref: Dynamic interventions to control COVID-19 pandemic: a multivariate prediction modelling study comparing 16 worldwide countries [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020]

The slow decline also suggests alternative strategies to control the virus are needed before social distancing efforts are partially relaxed.

... social distancing efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19 are effective although they need to be strengthened in many regions and maintained in others to avoid further resurgence of COVID-19. The slow decline also suggests alternative strategies to control the virus are needed before social distancing efforts are partially relaxed. ...

Ref: Change in global transmission rates of COVID-19 through May 6 2020 [PLoS One, 2020]

more targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions are desirable to contain or mitigate potential resurgences.

... pandemic, lockdowns have succeeded in limiting contagions in many countries, at however heavy societal costs: more targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions are desirable to contain or mitigate potential resurgences. Contact tracing, by identifying and quarantining people who have been in prolonged contact with an ...

Ref: Effect of manual and digital contact tracing on COVID-19 outbreaks: a study on empirical contact data [PLoS One, 2020-07-25]

Increasing rhinovirus diagnoses as social control measures were relaxed may indirectly indicate an elevated risk of COVID-19 resurgence.

... hospital tested almost 22,000 symptomatic people over 11 weeks for SARS-CoV-2 in a multiplex PCR assay. Following travel bans and physical distancing, SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses diagnoses fell dramatically. Increasing rhinovirus diagnoses as social control measures were relaxed may indirectly indicate an elevated risk of COVID-19 resurgence. ...

Ref: Concomitant marked decline in prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic patients following public health interventions in Australia: data from St Vincent's Hospital and associated screening clinics, Sydney, NSW [PLoS One, 2020]

Identifying saturation points for given populations and including transmission terms that account for this feature will improve model accuracy and utility for the current and future pandemics.

... density and transmission (30% of models) or no relationship at all (70%). Respectively, these standard model structures over- and under-estimate the delay in infection resurgence following the release of lockdown. Identifying saturation points for given populations and including transmission terms that account for this feature will improve model accuracy and utility for the current and future pandemics. ...

Ref: The importance of saturating density dependence for predicting SARS-CoV-2 resurgence [PLoS One, 2020-09-01]

In the absence of population-wide restrictions, isolation of infected individuals is key to curtailing transmission.

... measures have been implemented worldwide. The socioeconomic repercussions have fueled calls to lift these measures. In the absence of population-wide restrictions, isolation of infected individuals is key to curtailing transmission. However, the effectiveness of symptom-based isolation in preventing a resurgence depends on the extent of ...

Ref: The implications of silent transmission for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020-07-28]

cancelling mass gatherings, may need to be maintained for a significant period of time to mitigate the risk of resurgence (16) .

... might introduce transmission in another country (9) . Certain travel and physical distancing measures, e.g. cancelling mass gatherings, may need to be maintained for a significant period of time to mitigate the risk of resurgence (16) . No studies have been conducted using quantitative measures of global travel and 30 contact reductions ...

Ref: Assessing the effect of global travel and contact reductions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and resurgence [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020-06-19]

We rely on a transport PDE epidemiological model, and we use methods from Perron-Frobenius theory and tropical geometry.

... the epidemic, and to identify the delay between sanitary measures and their influence on the load of EMS. This also leads to an algorithm, allowing one to detect epidemic resurgences. We rely on a transport PDE epidemiological model, and we use methods from Perron-Frobenius theory and tropical geometry. ...

Ref: Understanding and monitoring the evolution of the Covid-19 epidemic from medical emergency calls: the example of the Paris area [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020-05-28]

the key will be to invest in high-value services while deterring a resurgence of low-value care.

With a "new normal" level of care going forward post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the key will be to invest in high-value services while deterring a resurgence of low-value care.

Ref: Crisis into opportunity: can COVID-19 help set a path to improved health care efficiency? [The American journal of managed care, 2020-09-01]

physical distancing, lockdowns, travel restrictions, testing, tracing, and quarantine.

... evidence that localized suppression or even elimination of COVID-19 is possible with interventions such as physical distancing, lockdowns, travel restrictions, testing, tracing, and quarantine. This outcome was very likely achieved in several countries, including New Zealand, Iceland, Taiwan, Thailand, ...

Ref: The role of masks in reducing the risk of new waves of COVID-19 in low transmission settings: a modeling study [The American journal of managed care, 2020-09-03]

Alternative protocols of sustained lockdown with periodic relaxation can reduce the infection to levels where social contact tracing and quarantining may become effective.

... three-week lockdown that commenced on 25 March 2020 is of insufficient duration to prevent resurgence. Alternative protocols of sustained lockdown with periodic relaxation can reduce the infection to levels where social contact tracing and quarantining may become effective. Estimates of the reduction in morbidity and mortality due to these measures are provided. We ...

Ref: Age-structured impact of social distancing on the COVID-19 epidemic in India [The American journal of managed care, 2020-03-26]

generalised testing, contact tracing and critical care infrastructure needed to tackle the likely resurgence of infections.

... may not be feasible in most LMIC settings given the absence of nationwide population surveillance, generalised testing, contact tracing and critical care infrastructure needed to tackle the likely resurgence of infections. By contrast, zonal or local lockdowns may be suitable for some countries where systematic identification ...

Ref: Long-term strategies to control COVID-19 in low and middle-income countries: an options overview of community-based, non-pharmacological interventions [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020]

After 6/2020, many regions of the USA 'opened up', loosening their Social Distancing requirements,

... resulted in an Enhanced Initial Model (EIM) that significantly improved data fits for these cases. After 6/2020, many regions of the USA "opened up", loosening their Social Distancing requirements, which led to a sudden USA CoVID-19 Resurgence. Extrapolating the USA No[t] 3/2020-6/2020 results to ...

Ref: Initial Model for USA CoVID-19 Resurgence [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020-09-21]

The socioeconomic repercussions have fueled calls to lift these measures.

... coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), unprecedented movement restrictions and social distancing measures have been implemented worldwide. The socioeconomic repercussions have fueled calls to lift these measures. In the absence of population-wide restrictions, isolation of infected individuals is key to curtailing transmission. ...

Ref: The implications of silent transmission for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020]

For prevention of malaria, insecticide-treated nets need regular renewal, but distribution campaigns have been delayed or cancelled.

... young children and pregnant women. Malaria programmes are being affected in many ways by COVID-19. For prevention of malaria, insecticide-treated nets need regular renewal, but distribution campaigns have been delayed or cancelled. For detection and treatment of malaria, individuals may stop attending health facilities, out of fear ...

Ref: Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria [BMC Med, 2020]

COVID-19 has tested the resolve and grit of our specialty and we have an opportunity to emerge more refined.

... care workers (HCWs), case prioritization, barriers to reactivation, redesign of patient care teams, contribution of telemedicine, modification of trainees" experiences, preparation for potential resurgence, and strategies to maintain HCW wellness. COVID-19 has tested the resolve and grit of our specialty and we have an opportunity to emerge more refined. ...

Ref: COVID-19: FAQs-Congenital Heart Surgery Recovery and Defining a "New Normal" [World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2020]

Travel and physical distancing interventions have been implemented across the World to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic,

... Travel and physical distancing interventions have been implemented across the World to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, but studies are needed to quantify the effectiveness of these measures across regions and time. Timely population mobility data were obtained to measure travel and contact reductions in 135 countries ...

Ref: Assessing the effect of global travel and contact reductions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic and resurgence [World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2020-06-19]

We also explore the probability of resurgence following the lifting of all interventions after 14 consecutive days of no ascertained infections;

... 0.23-0.33) and-by projection-reducing the total infections in Wuhan by 96.0% as of 8 March 2020. We also explore the probability of resurgence following the lifting of all interventions after 14 consecutive days of no ascertained infections; we estimate this probability at 0.32 and 0.06 on the basis of models with 87% ...

Ref: Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan [Nature, 2020]

Understanding the situation after the pandemic has subsided will be a major undertaking-well-designed, cost-effective surveillance is always critically important.

Understanding the situation after the pandemic has subsided will be a major undertaking-well-designed, cost-effective surveillance is always critically important.

Ref: When, Who, and How to Sample: Designing Practical Surveillance for 7 Neglected Tropical Diseases as We Approach Elimination [J Infect Dis, 2020-06-15]

Our numerical findings suggest that joint implementation of effective mask usage, physical distancing and active screening and testing

... introduced permissible control measures and formulated an optimal control problem using the Pontraygain Maximum Principle. Our numerical findings suggest that joint implementation of effective mask usage, physical distancing and active screening and testing are effective measures to curtail the spread of the disease on undiagnosed humans. The results ...

Ref: Application of Optimal Control to Long Term Dynamics of COVID-19 Disease in South Africa [J Infect Dis, 2020-08-11]

handwashing, mask-wearing, and social distancing could also contribute to slowing down the epidemic [19, 20] .

... Self-imposed prevention measures such as handwashing, mask-wearing, and social distancing could also contribute to slowing down the epidemic [19, 20] . Alcohol-based sanitizers are effective in removing the SARS coronavirus from hands [21] , and handwashing with soap may have a positive effect on reducing the ...

Ref: Impact of self-imposed prevention measures and short-term government-imposed social distancing on mitigating and delaying a COVID-19 epidemic: A modelling study [PLoS Med, 2020-07-21]

Our work may provide guidance for provincial governments to make risk-levelbased, differentiated control measures,

... updated weekly or daily by referring to the new cases in the past 14 days. Our work may provide guidance for provincial governments to make risk-levelbased, differentiated control measures, by which economic operations are effectively restored and the potential risk of COVID-19 resurgence is ...

Ref: Negligible risk of the COVID-19 resurgence caused by work resuming in China (outside Hubei): a statistical probability study [J Public Health (Oxf), 2020-03-27]

Stay-at-home orders, curfews, and lockdowns

... containment measures were associated with a decrease in daily new cases of confirmed COVID-19 infection. Stay-at-home orders, curfews, and lockdowns curbed the percent increase in daily new cases to <5 within a month. Resurgence in ...

Ref: cord_uid 5646w9ig Impact of National Containment Measures on Dec... 5646w9ig Impact of National Containment Measures on Dec... Name: title, dtype: object [J Public Health (Oxf), cord_uid 5646w9ig 2020 5646w9ig 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

mandating masks in secondary schools could achieve approximately the same reduction in resurgence risk as having an 8-11% increase in symptomatic testing.

... contact tracing (14) (15) (16) . The benefits of a multi-pronged approach have also been illustrated in the literature; in the UK, for example, a recent study (17) found that mandating masks in secondary schools could achieve approximately the same reduction in resurgence risk as having an 8-11% increase in symptomatic testing. ...

Ref: Robust test and trace strategies can prevent COVID-19 resurgences: a case study from New South Wales, Australia [J Public Health (Oxf), 2020-10-13]

Similarities in symptoms between the two diseases may further erode the effectiveness of measures that rely on symptoms.

... a resurgence of COVID-19 would coincide with the next influenza season in the Northern Hemisphere. Similarities in symptoms between the two diseases may further erode the effectiveness of measures that rely on symptoms. As plans are being implemented for lifting mitigation measures, the benefits of contact-based surveillance should ...

Ref: The implications of silent transmission for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020-07-28]

Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity.

... are exceeded. To avoid this, prolonged or intermittent social distancing may be necessary into 2022. Additional interventions, including expanded critical care capacity and an effective therapeutic, would improve the success of intermittent distancing and hasten the acquisition of herd immunity. Longitudinal serological studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to ...

Ref: Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period [Science, 2020]

All would wear masks and the 40,000 students would take tests twice a week with quick, inexpensive saliva test.

... one of the most comprehensive plans by a major university to prevent and suppress outbreaks. All would wear masks and the 40,000 students would take tests twice a week with quick, inexpensive saliva test. Students could not enter campus buildings unless an app vouched a negative test. But these ...

Ref: Holidays over: a review of actual COVID-19 school outbreaks up to September 2020 [Early Hum Dev, 2020-10-01]

This means beyond international cooperation, robust testand-treat (29) and household quarantine (30) measures should be in place.

... context. A multifaceted, reactive approach to lifting NPIs will be necessary to minimize resurgence risk. This means beyond international cooperation, robust testand-treat (29) and household quarantine (30) measures should be in place. Future work will further inform the role mobility, NPIs, and international coordination can play in ...

Ref: Assessing the impact of coordinated COVID-19 exit strategies across Europe [Science, 2020-07-17]

Maintaining physical distancing for a longer period of time, allowing for the initial wave of infections to subside, delayed this resurgence,

... to normal or near-normal levels of contact would rapidly result in cases exceeding ICU capacity. Maintaining physical distancing for a longer period of time, allowing for the initial wave of infections to subside, delayed this resurgence, but the level of contacts post-restrictive distancing was the major factor determining how quickly ICU ...

Ref: Reduced COVID-19-Related Critical Illness and Death, and High Risk of Epidemic Resurgence, After Physical Distancing in Ontario, Canada [Science, 2020-05-02]

social distancing measures and the interruption of transmission chains

... two scenarios of weaker and stronger reduction in transmission, respectively, which could be achieved through social distancing measures and the interruption of transmission chains (e.g., through ramping up testing, contact tracing, isolation and quarantine and other potential strategies chosen ...

Ref: Dynamic interventions to control COVID-19 pandemic: a multivariate prediction modelling study comparing 16 worldwide countries [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020-05-19]

wearing of masks and contact tracing,

... not be prematurely lifted. Instead mobility should be kept restricted while new measures, such as wearing of masks and contact tracing, get implemented in order to prevent health services becoming overwhelmed due to a resurgence of ...

Ref: Understanding the spreading patterns of COVID-19 in UK and its impact on exit strategies [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020-05-21]

intensifying the call for greater flexibility in ensuring access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD).

... of a resurgence in opioid overdoses and related problems as the nation combats COVID‐19 are intensifying the call for greater flexibility in ensuring access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). This is leading in some quarters to support for making some recently implemented emergency responses ...

Ref: Overdose resurgence amid pandemic fuels debate over treatment access measures [Eur J Epidemiol, 2020-06-12]

limit fear by strengthening risk communication, engage communities to reduce the emergence of blaming, and emphasise social justice to reduce judgement.

... limit COVID-19 stigma. We suggest three policy priorities to minimise potential increases in COVID-19 stigma: limit fear by strengthening risk communication, engage communities to reduce the emergence of blaming, and emphasise social justice to reduce judgement. "Lockdown" policies cannot continue uninterrupted. However, lifting lockdown without unintended consequences may prove harder than ...

Ref: Lifting lockdown policies: A critical moment for COVID-19 stigma. [Global public health, 2020-09-27]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, we observed a decrease in inpatient imaging volumes accompanied by a shift away from cross-sectional imaging toward radiography.

... imaging volumes in the late post-COVID-19 period, including CT angiography chest, radiography chest, and ultrasound venous duplex. DISCUSSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we observed a decrease in inpatient imaging volumes accompanied by a shift away from cross-sectional imaging toward radiography. These findings could have significant implications in planning for a potential resurgence. ...

Ref: cord_uid zijxe016 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic S... zijxe016 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic S... Name: title, dtype: object [Global public health, cord_uid zijxe016 2020 zijxe016 2020 Name: publish_time, dtype: object]

The extreme containment measures implemented by China were very effective with some instructive variations across provinces.

... of the outbreak in China with a detailed analysis on the heterogeneous situations across provinces. The extreme containment measures implemented by China were very effective with some instructive variations across provinces. Borrowing from the experience of China, we made scenario projections on the development of the ...

Ref: Generalized logistic growth modeling of the COVID-19 outbreak: comparing the dynamics in the 29 provinces in China and in the rest of the world [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020]

Epidemiological models are therefore necessary to forecast possible new infection outbreaks and to inform government to promptly adopt new containment measures.

... of infection. In the worst-case scenario, this might impose the return to strict lockdown measures. Epidemiological models are therefore necessary to forecast possible new infection outbreaks and to inform government to promptly adopt new containment measures. In this context, we tested here if technical analysis methods commonly used in the financial ...

Ref: Predicting SARS-CoV-2 infection trend using technical analysis indicators [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020-05-20]

unless critical care capacity is expanded substantially, or a treatment or vaccine becomes available.

... help reduce the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections that cause strain on the health care systems, unless critical care capacity is expanded substantially, or a treatment or vaccine becomes available. Also regular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in an urgent manner (even after accomplishing ample control of ...

Ref: COVID-19 pandemic scenario in India compared to China and rest of the world: a data driven and model analysis [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020-04-24]

Limitations on mobility, social distancing and self-quarantine have been implemented.

... (2020d). In response, the world implemented its measures to reduce the spread of the virus. Limitations on mobility, social distancing and self-quarantine have been implemented. Moreover, health institutions advise people to practice good hygiene to keep from being infected. All ...

Ref: Accounting for Symptomatic and Asymptomatic in a SEIR-type model of COVID-19 [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020-04-03]

The case-finding diseases (gambiense sleeping sickness and visceral leishmaniasis) are likely to have fewer cases being detected

... the mass drug administration diseases, schistosomiasis, STH, and trachoma are likely to encounter faster resurgence. The case-finding diseases (gambiense sleeping sickness and visceral leishmaniasis) are likely to have fewer cases being detected but may face an increasing underlying rate of new infections. However, once programs are able ...

Ref: Predicted Impact of COVID-19 on Neglected Tropical Disease Programs and the Opportunity for Innovation [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020]

Despite the wide implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, it is still not known how they are impacted by changing contact patterns, age and other demographics.

... of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has occurred in the United States and parts of Europe. Despite the wide implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, it is still not known how they are impacted by changing contact patterns, age and other demographics. As COVID-19 disease control becomes more localised, understanding the age demographics driving transmission and how ...

Ref: Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States [Nonlinear Dyn, 2020-09-22]

Removing physical distancing policies

... smaller spike, with less severe strain on available medical resources CONCLUSIONS: Milwaukee County remains very susceptible to a resurgence of COVID-19 cases Removing physical distancing policies poses significant risks with regard to resource management ...

Ref: Investigating the Trajectory of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Milwaukee County and Projected Effects of Relaxed Distancing [WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 2020]

keeping a greater distance, hygienic measures, and wearing masks.

... homes (referred to as "other locations" hereafter). Micro-distancing reduced the transmission probability in non-household contacts, reflecting preventive measures that individuals may take to reduce the per-contact transmission probability, such as keeping a greater distance, hygienic measures, and wearing masks. ...

Ref: Optimising social mixing strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in six European countries: a mathematical modelling study [WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 2020-08-31]

citizens could develop the trust in state leadership necessary to finally make fundamental changes in our health care system.

... of health care. If one or several states succeed in addressing the COVID pandemic together with an associated modest economic resurgence, citizens could develop the trust in state leadership necessary to finally make fundamental changes in our health care system. Such change is a once in a century opportunity. ...

Ref: Fitting Community-Centered Population Health (CCPH) Into the Existing Health Care Delivery Patchwork: The Politics of CCPH. [The Journal of ambulatory care management, 2020]

public health authorities need to work more on the detection and quarantining of the asymptomatic infectious individuals.

... threat. Otherwise, any lower proportion of this effort will imply the resurgence of a second wave of the infection in the community. Therefore, to contain COVID-19 in every given community, public health authorities need to work more on the detection and quarantining of the asymptomatic infectious individuals. ...

Ref: Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective [Chaos Solitons Fractals, 2020-06-05]

We provide a mechanistic model that interprets these results and could help in assessing the likely efficacy of intervention strategies.

... the world falls short of providing herd immunity, leaving countries open to future COVID-19 resurgences. We provide a mechanistic model that interprets these results and could help in assessing the likely efficacy of intervention strategies. Our approach is scalable and hence tackles the urgent problem facing social media platforms of ...

Ref: Quantifying COVID-19 Content in the Online Health Opinion War Using Machine Learning [IEEE Access, 2020]

lack of infrastructure, infection control measures, and personal protective equipment (PPE) make the matters even worse.

... itself is a distant reality. Autopsies are considered as aerosol generating high risk procedure, and lack of infrastructure, infection control measures, and personal protective equipment (PPE) make the matters even worse. Thus, in order to save the HCWs from acquiring the infection, deliberations are focusing on ...

Ref: COVID-19 instigates resurgence of ‘needless autopsies’ issue in India [J Forensic Leg Med, 2020-07-16]

inevitably an emergency brake will be needed.

... can initially lead to a significant reduction of 321 distancing measures but is likely related to a high peak resurgence of COVID-19 cases for 322 which inevitably an emergency brake will be needed. Alternatively, our ACCC approach ...

Ref: Performance of progressive and adaptive COVID-19 exit strategies: a stress test analysis for managing intensive care unit rates [J Forensic Leg Med, 2020-05-20]

highlighting the risk posed by unascertained cases in changing intervention strategies.

... it at 0.32 and 0.06 based on models with 87% and 53% unascertained infections, respectively, highlighting the risk posed by unascertained cases in changing intervention strategies. These results provide important implications for continuing surveillance and interventions to eventually contain COVID-19 outbreaks. ...

Ref: Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan. [Nature, 2020-07-16]

It is only public health measures, such as social distancing (and these included school closures), that have prevented millions of infections and deaths.

... In the absence of an effective vaccine and/or treatment, COVID-19 remains pandemic. It is only public health measures, such as social distancing (and these included school closures), that have prevented millions of infections and deaths. School closures followed a precautionary principle in that many previous epidemics (e.g. influenza) were mainly transmitted by children. ...

Ref: Holidays over: A review of actual COVID-19 school outbreaks up to September 2020 [Early Hum Dev, 2020]

Continuous global improvement in diagnostic test preparedness is essential for more rapid detection of patients,

... (syndromic) diagnostics during a possible resurgence of COVID-19 in future global waves or regional outbreaks. Continuous global improvement in diagnostic test preparedness is essential for more rapid detection of patients, possibly at the point of care, and for optimized prevention and treatment, in both industrialized ...

Ref: Considerations for diagnostic COVID-19 tests [Early Hum Dev, 2020]

Modelling advice should always be developed and considered in context, allowing for setting-specific limitations in capacity.

... a resurgence of interest in modelling, and an increase in its use for guiding policy. Modelling advice should always be developed and considered in context, allowing for setting-specific limitations in capacity. Early analyses have been biased towards high-income settings where both modelling expertise and reported cases ...

Ref: Role of modelling in COVID-19 policy development [Paediatr Respir Rev, 2020-06-18]

voluntary public compliance with public health recommendations may significantly influence the extent of resurgence in COVID-19 infection rates.

... management in the United States. As states start lifting these mandates to reopen the economy, voluntary public compliance with public health recommendations may significantly influence the extent of resurgence in COVID-19 infection rates. Population-level risk from reopening may therefore be predicted from public intent to comply with public ...

Ref: Public Intent to Comply with COVID-19 Public Health Recommendations [Health Lit Res Pract, 2020]

It will require a significant change from prior practice models for successful implementation.

... and execution, it is possible to reestablish safe otolaryngologic patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will require a significant change from prior practice models for successful implementation. Additionally, telemedicine can be positively integrated into the treatment of otolaryngology diseases for new and ...

Ref: Establishing an Office-Based Framework for Resuming Otolaryngology Care in Academic Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic. [Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2020-09-01]

the Texas Medical Association continued its pandemic-long push to extend liability protections to all frontline physicians, volunteer or not.

... overloaded settings, high on patient count and low on equipment - the same liability shields don"t exist. And with a resurgence in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations taking hold in June, the Texas Medical Association continued its pandemic-long push to extend liability protections to all frontline physicians, volunteer or not. ...

Ref: Pandemic Poses Legal Pitfalls: TMA Seeks Better Liability Shields. [Texas medicine, 2020-08-01]

A 40% increase in effective transmission would yield a rebound of infections.

... increased disease transmission; calculating the isolation effort required to prevent a resurgence of the outbreak. A 40% increase in effective transmission would yield a rebound of infections. A control effort capable of isolating daily ~5.5% of the exposed and highly infectious individuals ...

Ref: The geography of COVID-19 spread in Italy and implications for the relaxation of confinement measures [Nat Commun, 2020]

Some countries are investing in low-cost preventive measures to improve physical distancing,

... and hunger that will result from prolonged economic disruption, the quest for solutions must continue. Some countries are investing in low-cost preventive measures to improve physical distancing, such as stopping international travel, reducing the number of people at religious and social gatherings, ...

Ref: Limiting the spread of COVID-19 in Africa: one size mitigation strategies do not fit all countries [Lancet Glob Health, 2020-04-28]

It is found that a larger and earlier testing campaign with tighter entry restrictions benefit both nations, resulting in significantly less confirmed cases.

... enforcement of social distance measures as well as people connectivity and adherence to government actions. It is found that a larger and earlier testing campaign with tighter entry restrictions benefit both nations, resulting in significantly less confirmed cases. Interestingly, this scenario couples with an earlier but milder implementation of nationwide restrictions for Italy, ...

Ref: Optimisation of non-pharmaceutical measures in COVID-19 growth via neural networks [Lancet Glob Health, 2020-06-16]

physical distancing and lockdowns on COVID-19 growth rates by country after controlling for temporal changes in testing rates.

... Europe, Asia, and Africa, we estimated the potential effects of NPI mitigation policies such as physical distancing and lockdowns on COVID-19 growth rates by country after controlling for temporal changes in testing rates. Our results suggest that these NPI measures contributed to the reduction of cases and TPR ...

Ref: On the impact of early non-pharmaceutical interventions as containment strategies against the COVID-19 pandemic [Lancet Glob Health, 2020-05-09]

Experiences of our international colleagues should be utilized to protect and benefit patients and healthcare workers.

... Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged health systems globally and prompted the publication of many guidelines. Experiences of our international colleagues should be utilized to protect and benefit patients and healthcare workers. The primary aim of this article is to evaluate and appraise national guidelines for the ...

Ref: Anesthesia guidelines for COVID-19 patients - A narrative review and appraisal. [Korean journal of anesthesiology, 2020-07-16]

The authorities gave orders to reopen businesses such as gyms and bowling alleys on April 24 th subject to specific restrictions,

... The authorities gave orders to reopen businesses such as gyms and bowling alleys on April 24 th subject to specific restrictions, including adherence to minimum basic operations, social distancing, and regular sanitation [7]. ...

Ref: Numerical Analysis of Disastrous Effect of Reopening Too Soon in Georgia, USA [Korean journal of anesthesiology, 2020-07-03]

Both wearing face masks and prompt and careful handwashing with soap is helpful in reducing the infection rate 28, 29 .

... of the Japanese. Likewise, environmental factors such as temperature (22-25° C) and relative humidity (40-50%) can favour the viability of the virus on surfaces 27 , affecting the infection rate. Both wearing face masks and prompt and careful handwashing with soap is helpful in reducing the infection rate 28, 29 . ...

Ref: Mathematical model and COVID-19 [Colombia medica, 2020-06-30]

Such fetishisations distract from the need for urgent environmental action and obscure what resurgence actually is:

... virus’. Deploying a more-than-human perspective, we show how this discourse arises from biocultural decontextualisation that assumes nature has an inherent capacity to resurge. Such fetishisations distract from the need for urgent environmental action and obscure what resurgence actually is: a multispecies endeavour requiring cultivation and nurture. ...

Ref: Resurgent natures? More-than-human perspectives on COVID-19 [Dialogues Hum. Geogr., 2020]

Then we developed a data assimilation framework for estimating these parameters including constructing an observation function and developing a Bayesian updating scheme.

... number Rt into mitigation and suppression factors for quantifying intervention impacts at a finer granularity. Then we developed a data assimilation framework for estimating these parameters including constructing an observation function and developing a Bayesian updating scheme. A statistical analysis framework is then built to quantify the impact of intervention strategies by ...

Ref: A Bayesian Updating Scheme for Pandemics: Estimating the Infection Dynamics of COVID-19 [Dialogues Hum. Geogr., 2020-06-19]

However, such investment in infrastructure could lead to competing priorities for companies also producing other vaccines with shared platforms.

... scenario would signal the need for robust and sustainable investment in vaccine production over time. However, such investment in infrastructure could lead to competing priorities for companies also producing other vaccines with shared platforms. If immunity protects from reinfection for five years, the virus could return erratically at first, ...

Ref: Exploring uncertainty and risk in the accelerated response to a COVID-19 vaccine: Perspective from the pharmaceutical industry [Vaccine, 2020-10-13]

failure to appropriately implement the full range of vector control interventions can lead to a reduction in their overall effectiveness

... social mobilization campaigns and preventive insecticide spraying in private spaces (indoor and peridomestic spraying). Thus, failure to appropriately implement the full range of vector control interventions can lead to a reduction in their overall effectiveness and an increasing risk of vector-borne diseases circulating. Consequently, the health community and policy makers ...

Ref: The COVID-19 pandemic should not jeopardize dengue control [PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020]

in Emilia-Romagna the number of hospitalized cases could be kept under a reasonable amount with a higher contact rate.

... at least until early July to avoid a resurgence of hospitalizations; on the other hand, in Emilia-Romagna the number of hospitalized cases could be kept under a reasonable amount with a higher contact rate. Our results suggest that territory-specific forecasts under different scenarios are crucial to enhance or take ...

Ref: Forecasting COVID-19-associated hospitalizations under different levels of social distancing in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy: Results from an extended seir compartmental model [J. Clin. Med., 2020]

(1) keep mortality at minimum, and (2) initiate an economic restart.

... lockdown exit strategy is crucial for governments in order to balance the two conflicting objectives: (1) keep mortality at minimum, and (2) initiate an economic restart. Nevertheless, without controlled experiments and documented experience on such a massive scale, governments resort to ...

Ref: Modeling the lockdown relaxation protocols of the Philippine government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: An intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL analysis [Socioecon Plann Sci, 2020-07-02]

This allows for herd immunity to build up in the population without healthcare systems being overwhelmed.

... second wave overwhelming the healthcare system, control measures must be relaxed gradually (Fig. 5A ). This allows for herd immunity to build up in the population without healthcare systems being overwhelmed. Our modelling suggests this relaxation must take place over a relatively long time span and ...

Ref: COVID-19 herd immunity strategies: walking an elusive and dangerous tightrope [medRxiv, 2020-05-05]

Public health interventions have been implemented to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ontario, Canada;

... Public health interventions have been implemented to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ontario, Canada; however, the quantification of their effectiveness remains to be done and is important to determine if some of the social distancing measures can be relaxed without resulting in a second ...

Ref: Quantifying the role of social distancing, personal protection and case detection in mitigating COVID-19 outbreak in Ontario, Canada [J Math Ind, 2020]

by using physical distancing without lock-downs.

... the pandemic, Sweden has taken a different approach aiming to mitigate, not suppressing community transmission, by using physical distancing without lock-downs. Here we contrast consequences of different responses to COVID-19 within Sweden, the resulting demand for ...

Ref: Covid-19 health care demand and mortality in Sweden in response to non-pharmaceutical (NPIs) mitigation and suppression scenarios [J Math Ind, 2020-03-23]

The most stringent lockdown in the world destroyed the economy and forced millions into poverty and hunger, but did not control virus transmission.

... have not been the result of the disease, but the nature of the government response. The most stringent lockdown in the world destroyed the economy and forced millions into poverty and hunger, but did not control virus transmission. The resurgence of disease as restrictions were lifted and the continued economic distress point to ...

Ref: A critique of the Indian government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic [J. Ind. Bus. Econ., 2020]